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2、!文勇的新托福黄金精选真题阅读12.1版介绍：文勇新托福黄金精选真题阅读12.1版1. OG 之中的13篇文章 ;(其中3篇为第三版OG之中的文章)2. 26次(套)TPO 之中的3*25=75篇文章(由于TPO2的文章和OG的文章重合) ;3. 早期 报名之时ETS赠送的3篇在线测试题4. ETS官方给出的模考软件之中抽出的1篇文章;文勇的新托福黄金精选真题阅读部分节选：Applied Arts and Fine ArtsAlthough we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to
3、 construct themclay, glass, wood, fiber, and metalit was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.“ Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. The
4、re is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal
5、in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of appl
6、ied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase
7、 as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the objects primary function.杀托之路血雨腥风没有一群逗比的小伙伴如何畅游江湖， 小马 托福备考 群，就是这么适合你。Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects. It i
8、s often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of fine-art objects. This assumption misses a significant difference between the two disciplines. Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is
9、not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint
10、must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof
11、. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptors aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball qui
12、ckly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their
13、materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant. It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials.以上就是 新托福黄金精选真题阅读12.1版里面的部分精华内容，我们就像介绍到这里，需要完整版内容的考生赶紧扫描页面中的二维码免费下载吧!
