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1、12011 年年Translation1.Put the following passage into Chinese (37.7 points)The investigation of competence is challenging because our knowledge of language is both complex and largely unconscious. Few people capable of understanding this sentence could give a linguistic analysis of it, so the question
2、 of how such knowledge can be studied permits of no easy answers. Fortunately, although the knowledge itself is tacit, the fruits of that knowledge are available to both public inspection and private introspection: we can observe the performance of others or offer our own intuitions. The example of
3、a stroke victim makes us aware of the complexity and subtlety of our language faculty, but not all mismatchied between our knowledge and exercising of it are so drastic, and even elementary oberservation can give us insight into what exactly it is we know when we know a language. It is worth emphasi
4、zing that reliance on intuitions is not a retreat from the usual canons of scientific rigor:”intuitions” is simply another word for “judgments,” with no mystical or unscientific overtones. There is in fact no difference between our linguistic judgments about sentences of our native 2language and our
5、 visual judgments about illusions, which psychologists try to devise theories of perceptions to account for. Like wise, it is simply a fact that we judge the sentence “they are flying planes” as ambiguous and linguists try to devise theories of language to explain why.2.Put the following passage int
6、o English (37.5 points)你听不到任何谈及信仰的话，谁会有那种激情呢？神学你听不到任何谈及信仰的话，谁会有那种激情呢？神学痛苦地坐在哲学的窗边，巴望着哲学的眷顾，向哲学大献痛苦地坐在哲学的窗边，巴望着哲学的眷顾，向哲学大献殷勤。据说，理解黑格尔很困难，但理解亚伯拉罕却轻而殷勤。据说，理解黑格尔很困难，但理解亚伯拉罕却轻而易举；超越黑格尔是奇迹，但超越亚伯拉罕却是再简单不易举；超越黑格尔是奇迹，但超越亚伯拉罕却是再简单不过的事。不过我绝对不相信信仰会变成如此下等的东西；过的事。不过我绝对不相信信仰会变成如此下等的东西；恰恰相反，信仰是最高级的东西。我同时相信，哲学走得恰恰相反
7、，信仰是最高级的东西。我同时相信，哲学走得太远了。哲学是不诚实的，它不应该用自己的东西来代替太远了。哲学是不诚实的，它不应该用自己的东西来代替信仰，并且蔑视信仰。哲学不能，也信仰，并且蔑视信仰。哲学不能，也不应该为人们的信仰提供依据；它应该好好理解自己，明不应该为人们的信仰提供依据；它应该好好理解自己，明白自己能干些什么，而不是随随便便地把信仰说成虚构的白自己能干些什么，而不是随随便便地把信仰说成虚构的东西，诱导人们把它放弃。哲学既不是忠实的妻子，又不东西，诱导人们把它放弃。哲学既不是忠实的妻子，又不是勤勉的姑娘，倒像是一个恶妇，遇见她时，我唯恐避之是勤勉的姑娘，倒像是一个恶妇，遇见她时，我唯
8、恐避之不及。信仰是这么美丽，这么令人向往，我满怀激情去追不及。信仰是这么美丽，这么令人向往，我满怀激情去追寻它，它却越飘越远，这又使我更加满怀剧情地去追寻它。寻它，它却越飘越远，这又使我更加满怀剧情地去追寻它。Writing:31.Write an essay of about 300 words on the present housing problem in China (37.5 points)2.Is language social or biological? Give an answer of about 300 words to the question. (37.5 poin
9、ts)2010 年年1.英译汉英译汉 （37.5 分）分）But, as soon as, with an increased ppopulation, it became possible for men to choose wives who were not their sisters, they were bound by the law of love to do so. Thus, once there was no necessity for the old arrangement, it ceased to have any moral validity. The reason
10、 is that the grandchildren of the first pair could now choose cousins for their wives, and , if they continued to marry sisters, then not merely tow but three relationships of love which outht to be distributed would have been concentrated in a single person, in disregard for the duty of each to res
11、pect the right of love to have itself diffused , so that one love may hod togetheras many persons as possible. For, in this case, one person would be in relation to his own children to a brother and sister become man and wife-not only as father and father-in-law; and the children of a brother and si
12、ster would be in relation to one another not only as brothers and sisters, and 4husbands and wives, but also as cousins. Now, instead of conventrating three relationships in a single person, there could have been nine relationships of love diffused over nine persons, so that a man could have been li
13、nked in love to one person as his sister, to another as his wife,to a third as his cousin, to a fourth as his father, to a fifth a s his uncle, to a sixth as his father-in-law, to a seventh as his mother, to an eighth as his aunt, and to a ninth as his mother-in-law. Thus, the love shich holds kindr
14、ed together, instead of being narrowed to a few, could have opened its arms to embrace a greater number of people spread over a far wider area.2. 汉译英汉译英 （ 37.5 分）分）一旦我们开始认真地把经济现象当做一个整体来考虑，一旦我们开始认真地把经济现象当做一个整体来考虑，并寻求整个社会的福利，我们就不得不考虑到无产阶级的并寻求整个社会的福利，我们就不得不考虑到无产阶级的利益。从这里出发，我们离宣称利益。从这里出发，我们离宣称“人人平等人人平等”
15、就只有一步就只有一步之遥了。之遥了。政治经济学这一概念，或以这个名字命名的科学的存在，政治经济学这一概念，或以这个名字命名的科学的存在，严格地说，是一个彻底的革命纲领。一点也不奇怪，这一严格地说，是一个彻底的革命纲领。一点也不奇怪，这一概念很模糊，因为革命纲领通常都是模糊的。的确，在彻概念很模糊，因为革命纲领通常都是模糊的。的确，在彻底理解经济和社会发展前，有很多实践和理论问题需要解底理解经济和社会发展前，有很多实践和理论问题需要解决。例如，如果我们把工人阶级看成低人一等的，或者如决。例如，如果我们把工人阶级看成低人一等的，或者如果我们不走那么远，把工人阶级看成一个尚未准备好享受果我们不走那么
16、远，把工人阶级看成一个尚未准备好享受5社会生产成果的阶级，那么美我们就必须清楚地说明这一社会生产成果的阶级，那么美我们就必须清楚地说明这一点，并从这一点出发做进一步的推理。科学最不应该做的点，并从这一点出发做进一步的推理。科学最不应该做的就是掩盖真相。就是说，在我们目前所讨论的问题，我们就是掩盖真相。就是说，在我们目前所讨论的问题，我们不应该说，工人阶级已经享受到了他们合理追求或期待的不应该说，工人阶级已经享受到了他们合理追求或期待的那一部分东西。我们也不应该毫无根据地乐观地相信，工那一部分东西。我们也不应该毫无根据地乐观地相信，工人阶级的经济发展状况已经照顾到所有人的利益了。人阶级的经济发展状况已经照顾到所有人的利益了。Writing1.Write an essay of around 300 word on the question of “what is basic to marrige, love or money?” (37.5 points)2.What measures have been taken by the Chinese government to cr
