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1、美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见 的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含 毕业论文）等。研究生 presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学 期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有 心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对 他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於 自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论
2、文方面有较隹的利基。反之中 国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦， 其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三 大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、
3、以及注释 (Footnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为 题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报 告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或 Proposal 为论
4、 文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上， 而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成 教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代 的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资 料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告， 及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括
5、理论背景及内容 (四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常 需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如 PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如 SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商 界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此 Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel 便成
6、了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与 修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大 挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及 麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台 时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。 旅游英语期末考试复习题 I Choose the best word to complete each of the following sentences 1 There is noth
7、ing _ of mention. a worthwhile b worth c worthy d deserve 2 We still need to _ the sum we asked for. a make up for b make out c make over d make up 3 Jane was dressed in brown _ Mary was dressed in blue. a while b as c and d since 4 I suggested that we _ home. a went b should go c will go d have gon
8、e 5 _you , I never want to see you here again. a As to b About c As for d As long as 6 _you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty. a when b After c While d Once7 Before we star wed better call the hotel and confirm if the rooms are _. a available . b cacheable c comfortable d bri
9、ght 8 If children are badly _ , they behave badly. a brought through b brought down c brought forward d brought up 9 Do what you have been told, _ you will be punished. a if b otherwise c and d but 10 Im afraid your proposal hardly _the case. a need b meet c satisfy d want 11 Have you finished your
10、homework? This lesson is_ than the last one. a more easier b more easy c very easier d much easier 12 Staying in hotel costs_ renting a room in a dormitory for a week. a twice as more than b twice as much as c as much twice as d as much as twice 13 _ the worse I seem to feel . a When I take more med
11、icine b The more medicine I take c Taking more of the medicine d More medicine taken 14 He flew the kite_ those trees. a through b inside c up d over 15 We must now decide _the from of our answer. a to b for c on d before 16 The students came out of the classroom, one_ another. A behind b after c on
12、 d under 17 They were obliged _ their house in order to pay their debts. a to sell b to selling c to be sold d to being sold 18 he was driven _ to steal food for his starving . a in necessity b with necessity c by necessity d on necessity 19 He certainly deservers _ to prison. a being sent b sending
13、 c to send d to be sent 20 He complained_ the teacher_ Johns dishonesty. a at of b with to c to of d at about 21 As a partner, he should participate with her _ her gains, in her sufferings. a with b on c about d in 22 This is not a heavy stone, its size being _ into account a made b taken c gotten d
14、 had 23 If negotiations for the new trade agreements take _,critical food shortages will develop in several countries. a too much longer b much too long c too longest d the longer 24 The results of the expensive were not _to publish. a interesting enough b too interesting c enough interesting d so interesting25 “I am going to dig it up.” “What_?”a by b at c with d inII Reading Comprehension: Directions: there are fo
