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1、Monograph 专题论文What Is a Monograph?（什么是专题论文？）A monograph is a specialized scientific book. As learned treatises on clearly defined topics, which may be intra-, inter-, or cross-disciplinary, monographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists.（专题论文是一本专门的科学书。正如所学到的，对明确
2、定义的主题进行了论述，这些主题可以是内部的，之间的或跨学科的，专题论文通常由专家撰写，有益于其他专家。） Although usually regarded as a component of the review literature of science, monographs are works that demand the highest standards of scholarship.（虽然通常被认为是科学综述文献的一个组成部分，但专题论文是需要最高标准的学问的作品。） Their preparation calls for exceptional breadth and dep
3、th of knowledge on the part of their authors, who, inter alia, must be able to collect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of the scientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.（它们的准备要求作者对知识具有特殊的广度和深度，他们尤其必须
4、能够收集，整理，分析，整合和综合对科学和工程期刊有相关贡献的档案文献的，根据需要添加原材料。） The value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge they contain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to the advancement of science and engineering
5、 generally. （专题论文的价值在于它们所包含的信息和知识的一致性和全面性，这对于他们所针对的专业研究人员是重要的，并且因此对于一般地科学和工程的进步是重要的。）Most monographic manuscripts are critically reviewed and tightly edited.（大多数专题手稿都经过严格审查和严格的编辑。） The resulting books can be expected to have a reasonably long shelf life.（所得到的书可以预期具有相当长的保质期。）Monographs commonly are c
6、onfused with other kinds of books; hence, some distinctions need to be drawn.（专题论文通常会与其他类型的书混淆; 因此，需要作出一些区分。） Textbooks are pedagogical works which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more junior readerships than specialized research communities. （教科书是教学工作的书
7、，即使是在相当狭窄的科目上写的，也是为了服务于比专门研究社群更广泛和更初级的读者。）Textbooks are not monographs.（教科书不是专著。）Neither are most books of conference proceedings, even though they may deal with specialized topics and be directed at specialized communities.（大多数会议记录的书籍，即使他们可能处理专门的主题，并针对专业群体。） Together with abstracts and the increasi
8、ngly common “expanded abstracts”, conference papers, valuable and necessary as they may be, commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries.（与摘要和日益普遍的“扩展的摘要”一起，会议论文，有它们价值的和必要性，通常采取过早宣布新的科学发现的形式。） Many are subsequently expanded and rendered in a form suitable for the s
9、cientific and engineering journals.（许多随后扩展和呈现为适合于科学和工程学期刊的形式。） Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.（会议程序通常具有短的保质期。） Certain books of scientific papers, which involve conference presentation in the course of their preparation, stand as notable exceptions, however, to the foregoin
10、g description of the conference literature.（某些科学论文的书，其包含在其准备过程中的会议介绍，是显而易见的例外。） The papers in such books are designed from inception to review and augment existing knowledge of particular aspects of a specialized, unitary topic.（这些书中的论文是从一开始就设计的，以审查和增强关于专门的单一主题的特定方面的现有知识。） The papers are prepared fo
11、r inclusion more or less as “chapters” in a carefully planned and structured volume, and their conference presentation is intended primarily as a means of allowing invited contributors to the book to come together to discuss critically with one another the material they intend to include in their pu
12、blished “chapters”.（这些论文准备在或多或少地被包含在精心规划和结构化的卷中作为“章节”，并且它们的会议呈现主要旨在允许该书的受邀贡献者聚集在一起，相互严格地讨论他们的材料打算在其出版的“章节”中加入。） Many books produced in this way are indeed monographs, distinguished simply by having an unusually large number of authors.（以这种方式制作的许多书实际上是专著，仅仅通过具有非常大量的作者来区分。）In summary, therefore, monog
13、raphs are generally regarded as scientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts on specialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in, or who wish to obtain a specialists appreciation of, these topics.（因此，总的来说，专论一般被认为是书长度的科学论文，但其他变
14、化格式由公认的专家在专门的主题上准备，为那些专门研究或希望获得专家的欣赏的人是有益的。） Monographs are externally reviewed and tightly edited.（专著是经过外部审查和严格编辑。） Textbooks and most volumes of conference proceedings are not monographs.（教科书和大部分会议记录不是专著。） As a component of the review literature in science and engineering, monographs facilitate th
15、e advancement of these fields of knowledge in a unique and important fashion.（回顾科学和工程文献的组成部分，专著以独特和重要的方式促进这些知识领域的进步。）The Main Components of a Monograph（专著的主要组成部分）In the era of “information explosion”, you will find numerous books which relate to your research field directly or indirectly, and it is
16、impossible, and often unnecessary, to read all of them from cover to cover.（在“信息爆炸”的时代，你会发现许多与你的研究领域直接或间接相关的书，从阅读封面到封面都是不可能的，而且往往是不必要的。） Therefore, previewing (going over the main parts of the book or browsing initially) is an important procedure before you study a certain book closely.（因此，在你仔细研究某本书之前，预览（翻阅书的主要部分或最初浏览）是一个重要的过程）Previewing is helpful in extracting information from books.（预览有助于从书籍中提取信息。）It saves time, provides you with important details, and gives you an overview. Each par
