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1、1. 动词不定式的时态和语态主动 被动 一般式 to write to be written 进行式 to be writing 无 完成式 to have written to have been written 完成进行式 to have been writing 无 1) 不定式的一般式常表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生同时发生或在其后发生 e.g. I saw him enter the room.They decided to discuss the problem at the next meeting. 2) 不定式的进行式强调其动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行同时
2、进行 e.g. She is likely to be waiting for us at the station. 3) 不定式的完成式表示其动作发生在谓语动词动作之前发生在谓语动词动作之前 e.g. She knows every detail. She seems to have read the book before. I am glad to meet you. I am glad to have met you. 2. 动词不定式作状语一般用于下列结构中 1) 目的状语 (in order) (not) to so as (not) to e.g. Ive come to att
3、end the meeting.In order to measure matter, we must have units of weight, volume and length.Her brother always gets up early so as to catch the first bus. 2) 原因状语 be + 表示心情状态的形容词/过去分词+不定式 这些形容词或过去分词有：able, afraid, ambitious, anxious, ashamed, angry, eager, careful, careless, fortunate, frightened, h
4、appy, glad, delighted, fit, impatient, foolish, grieved, ready, shocked, surprised, reluctant, unfortunate, willing, unwilling, wrong, worthy, jump with joy e.g. She is ashamed to tell us of her mistakes.He jumped with joy to learn his son had passed the exam. 3) 结果状语 too+ 形容词/副词+ to e.g. He knows t
5、oo little to speak on the subject. We are never too old to learn. 但(only) too+某些表心情的形容词(ready, pleased, glad, likely, willing, eager)+ to 表示肯定意义 e.g. I am only too glad to work with you. He was too willing to finish the work at once. 形容词/ 副词+ enough to e.g. The car is big enough to hold all of us. s
6、o + 形容词/副词+ as to e.g. She is so stupid as not to understand such a simple thing. such + 名词+ as to e.g. These two compounds react in such a way as to liberate oxygen.only to e.g. He made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the subject. 这本书很有趣能吸引很多读者。 The book is interesting enough to attract
7、 many readers. This is such an interesting book as to attract many readers. This is so interesting a book as to attract many readers. The book is so interesting as to attract many readers.分词 分词的时态和语态及物动词 write 不及物动词 go 现 主动语态 被动语态 在 一般式 writing being written going 分词 完成式 having written having been w
8、ritten having gone过去分词 written gone 1) 现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被动和已经完成，不及物动词 的过去分词只表示动作完成或状态，没有被动的意思。 e.g. the exploiting class (=the class that exploits) 剥削阶级 the exploited class(=the class that is exploited) 被剥削阶级 a developing country(=a country that is developing) 发展中国家 a developed country(=a country
9、 that has developed) 发达国家 fallen leaves 落叶 The man standing there is our group leader. 主动，正在进行 The boy beaten is my brother. 被动，已完成 2) 现在分词的一般式常表示与谓语动词的动作同时发生，有时也可先于或后于 谓语动词的动作。 e.g. The man talking with our teacher is his father. 同时 Sitting in an armchair, he told me he would go abroad. 同时 The man
10、rose from the ground, beating the dust off his clothes. 后于 Knowing that they were going to the countryside the following week, the students began to make preparations. 先于 3) 现在分词的完成式表示动作先于谓语的动作，常用作状语表示时间或原因。 e.g. Having done the days work, they went home. Having met with an accident, he was not able
11、 to go to school. 分词作状语 1) 作时间状语，常前置，相当于时间状语从句。如果分词的动作与谓语动词的 动作同时发生，分词短语前可加 when 或 while. Hearing the news (=When they heard the news), they set off for the station at once. Heated (=When it is heated), water changes into steam. While watching the film, I couldnt help thinking of my own childhood. T
12、he rocket will weigh 100 tons when completed. 2) 作原因状语，常前置，相当于原因状语从句。Not knowing (As we did not know) he would come, we did not make any preparations. Deeply moved by the story (As he was deeply moved by the story), the child began to cry. 3) 表示方式或伴随状况( 两个动作同时发生，分词动作较次要，只是对谓语动 作进行修饰或说明)，常位于句末，一般不能用状
13、语从句替换. These contented people stood in front of their cozy homes, talking about all the guns. Talking and laughing, the girls came into the room. 4) 作条件状语，常前置，相当于一个条件状语从句 Given more money (If I am given more money), I can buy it too. 5) 作结果状语，常位于句末。 We adopted many new methods, (thus) improving the
14、quality of our products. The glass fell to the ground, broken to pieces. 6) 作让步状语，常前置 Riding a bike or driving a car (=Whether you ride a bike or drive a car), you must follow traffic rules. Considered as a building material (Although it is considered as a building material), wood is not very strong
15、. 分词的逻辑主语 分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语一般须与句子的主语保持一致 Being very hot, we decide to go swimming. 错 Being very small, we can not see the atom. 错 如果分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，我们往往采用独立结构，即在分词前 加上它的逻辑主语，逻辑主语常用名词或代词主格来表示。 It being very hot, we decided to go swimming. The atom being very small, we can not see it. 独立成分 generally/honestly/frankly speaking, considering everything, supposing, judging from, to be sure, to tell the truth, to be fair, to be frank, to be exact, to begin with, to make a long story short
