初中英语语法之一-------词法

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1、初中英语语法之一-词法 第 1 页 共 129 页 第一篇第一篇第一篇第一篇 词法词法词法词法 一一一一、 名词名词名词名词 (一) 知识概要 名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall， America它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如 pen, worker它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class， team,它表示的是由若干个

2、个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work, time它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。 名词一览表 种类 专有名词 London, John, the Communist Party of China 普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people 物质名词 water, steel, glass, cot

3、ton, wood, sand 抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest 功用 主语 My family is now in New York. 表语 His father is a scientist. 宾语 We love our great motherland. 宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work. 定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 2 页 共 129 页 状语 The car cost him 1000

4、dollars. 同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here. 名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是： 1. 一般情况加 s,如：penpens, doctordoctors,boyboys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读s ，在元音和浊辅音后读z 。如:mapmap ，

5、 boyboys. 2. 在以 s,sh,ch,x 结尾的名词后面加 es， 如： busbuses,classclasses,其读音为 iz 。 3. 以 ce,se,ze,(d)ge 结尾的名词加 s，其读音为iz 。 4. 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，要将 y 变为 i 再加 es，读作z ，如：factoryfactories,countrycountries, familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词的复数形式只加 s，如:boyboys,daydays。 5. 以 o 结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加 es，但如果 o 前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以

6、o 结尾的则只加 s， 如： tomatotomatoes,heroheroes;photophotos,radioradios,pianopianos 6. 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词的复数形式要将 f 或 fe 变为 v 再加 es，如：knifeknives, leafleaves, 但有些例外的词如 roof 的复数形式是 roofs。 7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的， 它没有规律可循， 如:manmen,womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet,toothteeth, mousemice 8. 单复同形的名词有：fish, sheep,dee

7、r 9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police 等。名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s 其复数形式是 s，如其结尾不是s 的复数形式仍加s，如：a students room, students rooms, Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用 of 结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the 初中英

8、语语法之一-词法 第 3 页 共 129 页 flowers (二) 正误辨析 误Please give me a paper. 正Please give me a piece of paper. 析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因 paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper. 误Please give me two letter papers. 正Please give me two piec

9、es of letter paper. 析paper 作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt. 误My glasses is broken. 正My glasses are broken. 误I want to buy two shoes. 正I want to buy two pairs of shoes. 析英语中 glasses眼镜，shoes鞋，trousers裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。 如果要表示一副眼镜应用 a pair of g

10、lasses 而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good. 误May I borrow two radioes? 正May I borrow two radios? 析以 o 结尾的名词大都是用加 es 来表示其复数形式，但如果 o 前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加 s 就可以了。这样的词有 zoozoos,pianopianos. 误This is a Marys dictionary. 正This is Marys dictionary. 析如名词前有指示代词 this, that, these those,及其他修饰词 our

11、,some, every, which, 或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。 误There are much people in the garden. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 4 页 共 129 页 正There are many people in the garden. 析可数名词前应用 many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰，而 people 是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees here. 误I want a few water. 正I want a little water. 析不可数名词前可以用 a lit

12、tle, little, a lot of, some 来修饰，但不可用 many,few来修饰。 误Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me. 正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me. 误Toms and Marys family are waiting for us. 正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us. 误Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting fo

13、r me. 正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me. 析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。 这样的集合名词有： family class, team 等。 误Dont eat too much meats. 正Dont eat too much meat. 误Food in that restaurant

14、is very good. 正The food in that restaurant is very good. 析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加 s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good. 误Please give me two waters. 正Please give me two glasses of water. 正Please give me two coffees. 析物质名词如要加计量时，一定

15、要加量词，如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread, 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 5 页 共 129 页 a piece of bread,a box of sugar, a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange, a bag of earth 例： Ill tell you a piece of good news. 但只有 coffee 可以用 coffees 来取代 many cups of coffee. 误Can you give me the newspap

16、er of today? 正Can you give me todays newspaper? 析加s 构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Marys hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s 来构成而不用 of 结构。如：a five minutes walk. 误Please make a room for the lady in the school bus. 正Please make room for the lady in the school bus. 析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的， 如： room 为可数名词时为房间 ，如：I liv

17、e in Room 5.而 room 为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。 这样的词还有：glass 玻璃 glasses 眼镜 stone 石头 a stone 一块石头 time 时间 two times 两次 wood 木头woods 树林 误There is a flowers garden behind my house. 正There is a flower garden behind my house. 析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory (鞋厂),post o

18、ffice(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。 误My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning. 正My mother bought two fish for supper this morning. 析英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以

19、应讲 one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲 There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 6 页 共 129 页 误Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend. 正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend. 析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而 cloth 则是布

20、， sand 沙子，而 sands是沙滩。 误I offered my son my congratulation on his success. 正I offered my son my congratulations on his success. 析 英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式， 但一般要用其复数形式。 如握手为 shake hands. 误We have five German in this meeting. 正We have five Germans in this meeting. 析英国人 Englishman 的复数形式为 Englishmen，而 German 则要加

21、s，因为它不是由国名与 man 的组合词。 误There are two As in this word. 正There are two As in this word. 析在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加 s，但如字母是 A、I 时，为了防止与 As 和 Is 相混，则要用s 即 As，Is 误There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number. 正There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number. 析在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用s 误We have many woma

22、n teachers in our school. 正We have many women teachers in our school. 析一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如： half brotherhalf brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughter in lawdaughtersin law,(儿媳)但要注意的是：man drivermen drivers(男司机) woman doctorwomen doctors(女大夫)grown upgrown ups(成年人) 但是 boy student则变为 boy students 误Physics ar

23、e very difficult to learn. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 7 页 共 129 页 正Physics is very difficult to learn. 析虽以 s 结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics 游戏名称：bowls 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布) 其他名词：news(消息，新闻) 误There is a people in the room. 正There is a person in the room. 正There is a man in the room. 析 peo

24、ple 是复数名词， 不可用作单数， 如要用来讲一个人时应用 a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有 police.要讲一个警察时则要用 a policeman, a policewoman。 误Where is my shoe? 正Where are my shoes? 析常常只用作复数形式的词有 trousers, pants, shorts(短裤)，socks(袜子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Wheres my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?) 误I paid five pennies

25、for the sweet. 正I paid five pence for the sweet. 析英语中便士有两个复数形式 pence 用来表达一定数量的钱。而 pennies 是指一个个的硬币， 如： I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。 (即一便士一个的硬币)。 误There are many fruit in the shop. 正There are many fruits in the shop. 析物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。 误There is a new c

26、ar. It is Jones and Marys. 正There is a new car. It is Jone and Marys. 析有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加s 如：Marys car.如果是以 s 结尾的复数名词则只在 s 后面加如：teachers offices.如果是复数名词但不是以 s 结尾，则只加s，如：childrens palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加s 如：初中英语语法之一-词法 第 8 页 共 129 页 girl friend girl friends someone elsesomeone elses a week or three

27、a week or threes 如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Marys car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加s，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加s，如：This is Mary and Jones home.即 Mary 与 Jone 是一家人。 这是他们共同的家。 而 These are Marys and Jones homes.则应译为这里是 Mary 的家与 Jone 的家。 误It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature.

28、正It is really beautiful. It is a Natures work. 析无生命名词的所有格应用 of 结构。但是s 形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词：表示时间的词：todays newspaper, a twenty minutes walk, an hours, rest 表示长度的词：three metres distance, a boats length， twenty miles journey 表示重量的名词： two pounds weight价格名词： two dollarsworth拟人化的名词： Natures work, natures less

29、on(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词：the universitys library 误He is an old friend of my father. 正He is an old friend of my fathers. 析这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen is Toms. 误My father is a good cooker. 正My father is a good cook. 析一般动词加上 er 后则转意为执行该动作的执行者，如:teach(教)teacher(老师),think(想)thinker(思想家),drive(开

30、车)driver(司机),sell(卖)seller(卖物者)但不能总是以此类推， 比如 cook 是动词 做饭 。 而 cook 也可作为名词 厨师讲，而 cooker 则为厨具，餐具，即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。 误The young is dancing there. 正The young are dancing there. 析 英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词， 如： the rich 富人，the poor(穷人),the wise 聪明人，但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词，如：The beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。 初

31、中英语语法之一-词法 第 9 页 共 129 页 误The stories of the book was written many years ago. 正The stories of the book were written many years ago. 析这句话的真正主语应是 stories，所以应用复数谓语动词。 误This is one of the English Chinese dictionary. 正This is one of the English Chinese dictionaries. 析one of 意为之一 ，of 后面的名词要用复数形式。 误Lets go

32、 to uncle Wang for supper. 正Lets go to uncle Wangs for supper. 析uncle Wangs 意为王叔叔家 ，doctors 意为医院或私人诊所 。 误I think we will make a friend with each other. 正I think we will make friends with each other. 析make friends 为习惯用法，即交朋友。 误I want to tell you much pieces of good news. 正I want to tell you many piec

33、es of good news. 析news 为不可数名词，但加了量词之后则要用 many 来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说 I want to tell you some good news.因 some 即可用在可数名词前， 也可用在不可数名词前作形容词， 如： I want to tell you some pieces of good news. 误The teacher with five students are coming here. 正The teacher with five students is coming here. 析要注意由 with 引出的介词短语不是本

34、句的主语，这与连词 and 有很大的区别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是 teacher 的修饰语。 误There are a lot of information here, but we dont need them. 正There is a lot of information here, but we dont need it. 析information 为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用 it 而不能用 them. 误Many a student make the same mistake

35、in the exam. 正Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam. 析many a 加可数名词单数，作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式，但其意为许初中英语语法之一-词法 第 10 页 共 129 页 多学生。 误The children wear very good cloth to go to school today. 正The children wear very good clothes to go to school today. 析英文中 cloth,clothes,clothing 是易混之词：cloth 是物质名词，意为

36、布 ，没有复数形式，而 clothing 是指衣物的总称，也没有复数形式。clothes 是指衣服，但没有单数形式， 如： This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的 dress 则指较正规的服装，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress 晚礼服。 误I like to study the English. 正I like to study English. 析 作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词， 而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词， 如： I lik

37、e to study history. I like to study the history of America. 误The Browns is going to visit China. 正The Browns are going to visit China. 析定冠词加姓加 s，则意为Brown 先生一家人 。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为：Brown 先生一家将要访问中国。 (三) 例题解析 1. Lucy and Lilyin the same class. A. am B. is C. are D. be 答案C. 析由 and 连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语

38、动词。 2. Which is the to the bus stop， please? A road B way C street D address 答案B. 析这是考察同意词辨析，road 是指较宽阔的大道，意为乡间公路 ，而 street意为道路两边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而 way 则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径， 还可引深为方式、 方法。 而 address 则为 地址 。 如： There is a car running along the country road. I live at 105 Park street. Can you show me the way t

39、o the 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 11 页 共 129 页 National Museum? 3. Hurry up!There is time left. A little B a little C few D a few 答案A. 析因 time 作为时间讲为不可数名词，所以不可用 few，a few 来修饰。另外，英文的表达法与中文不同，中文讲，快点，时间不多了，而英文要讲，快点，没时间了。因此，要用 little 而不用 a little. 4. How many can you see in the picture? A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato

40、D the tomato 答案B. 析用 How many 提问时，其名词要用复数形式，而 tomato 的复数要加 es. 5. is the meat. Please? Ten yuan a kilo. A How much B How many C How old D How long 答案A. 析由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时，不论其值是多少都是不可数名词，要用 how much 提问。 6 The boys name is James Allen Green. So his given name is. A James Allen B Allen Gree

41、n C James Green D Mr. Green 答案A. 析英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作 given name,而姓在英文中是 family name. 7 Shanghai is one of the biggestin our country. A city B citys C citys D cities 答案D. 析 复音字母以 y 结尾的单词的复数形式要把 y 变成 i 再加 es。 one of 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 12 页 共

42、 129 页 8 Would you please pass me? A two paper B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers 答案C. 析paper 是不可数名词，如讲一张、两张纸时，要用量词 piece. 9 September 10th is Day. A Teacher B Teachers C Teachers D Teachers 答案D. 10 I only have bread for lunch today. A a bit B a bit of C little D few 答案B. 11 W

43、hat would you like, Ann? Id like two. A glass of milk B glasses of milk C glass of milks D glasses of milks 答案B. 12 There isnt paper in the box. Will you go and get for me? A any, some B any, any C some, some D some, any 答案A. 析any 用于否定句与疑问句，但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时，问句中要用 some 而不要按一般语法规律用 any. 13 June

44、1st is. A Childrens day B childrens Day C Childrens Day D childrens day 答案C. 14 These foreign friends are. A German B Germen C Germany D Germans 答案D. 15 All the students are busy, so of them will go to the cinema. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 13 页 共 129 页 A many B little C a few D few 答案D. 析student 是可数名词，而 few 用于可

45、数名词，意为：几乎没有学生去电影院。 16 There are threeand sevenin the picture. A deers, sheeps B deers, sheep C deer, sheep Ddeer, sheeps 答案C. 析deer 与 sheep 均是单复同形的名词。 17 Whose room is this? Its. A my B Kikes and Johns C our D Kike and Johns 答案D. 析因为 room 为单数，所以不可能是 Kike 的一间与 John 的一间，应为二者共用的一间房子。 二二二二、 冠词冠词冠词冠词 (一)

46、 知识概要 冠词在英语中只有 3 个词，分为两类：不定冠词 a 与 an，定冠词 the。 a 用在以辅音开始的单数名词前，an 用于以元音开始的单词前。不定冠词用来表示一类事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠词则用于特指的某一个或某些事物，可用于不可数名词、可数名词单数及可数名词复数前。 (二) 正误辨析 误This building is an university. 正This building is a university. 析a 用于以辅音音素开始的单词前，而 an 用于以元音音素开始的单词前，而不是元音字母开头的单词前。university 的第一个音素是j ，所以用 a 而不要用an。

47、又如：There is a n in the word.是错句，应为：There is an nin the word.因字母 n 的发音的第一个音素是元音。要注意的还有 hour 因其第一个字母 h 不发初中英语语法之一-词法 第 14 页 共 129 页 音，所以应该用 an hour。例如： I need an hour to finish the work. It is a useful dictionary. It is a European country. I bought a used car. 误I need a umbrella because it looks like

48、raining. 正I need an umbrella because it looks like raining. 析 因 umbrella 的第一个音素是元音， 所以应用 an.常用的情况有： an old man, an English teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy。 误 Can you help me Sorry, Im in hurry. 正 Can you help me Sorry. Im in a hurry. 析不定冠词的主要用法如下： 1. 用来表示一类人或事物，如：She is a t

49、eacher. 2. 指某一类人或事物中的一个，如：An elephant is bigger than a horse. 3. 泛指某一人或事物，如：A man is waiting for you at the school gate. 4. 相当于one的概念，如：I just bought a new dictionary. 5. 其主要的难点是用在固定词组中： 如：have a walk/a rest /a look 又如：in a hurry 匆匆忙忙 make a face 作鬼脸 do somebody a favour 帮某人忙 a number of =many 又如：ha

50、ve a good time (玩得好) have a cold (感冒) have a headache (头痛) have a break=have a rest 误I bought the dictionary yesterday. A dictionary is very good. 正I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is very good. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 15 页 共 129 页 析在文章中第一次提到某物时用不定冠词，而第二次提到时用定冠词。 误Please turn off lights before

51、you leave. 正Please turn off the lights before you leave. 析虽然是第一次提到某物但说话双方均知其所指，也应用定冠词。 误There are nine planets around a sun. 正There are nine planets around the sun. 析 世上独一无二的天体等名词前应加定冠词， 如： the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the sea. 误I live on a second floor of this building. 正I live on the sec

52、ond floor of this building. 析在序数词，形容词最高级前要用定冠词。如：He is the oldest in the family. 误I want to learn the second language this term. 正I want to learn a second language this term. 析在序数词的含意不是顺序中的第一第二，而其意在于再学一个，再来一个时，应用 a，本句的意思应为：这学期我要学一门第二外语。 误Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world. 正The Mi

53、ssissippi is one of the longest rivers in the world. 析在河流名称前应加定冠词，如：the Yellow River(黄河)。 误Look, there are Alp. 误Look, there are the Alp. 正Look, there are the Alps. 析具体的某一座山不加定冠词，如：Mountain Tai.但在山名称前加定冠词后，其山名要加 s， 来表示山脉。 the Alps 即为阿尔卑斯山脉。 如:The Alps are in the center of Europe. 误Times is one of th

54、e oldest newspapers in the world. 正The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world. 析报刊名称前应加定冠词。 误Rich are not always happy. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 16 页 共 129 页 正The rich are not always happy. 析在形容词前加定冠词表示一类人，而在姓的前面加定冠词，姓后加 s 表示某一家，如：The turners are going to move to New York. 误I like to eat bread for

55、breakfast. Bread sells in this shop is very good. 正I like to eat bread for breakfast. The bread sells in this shop is very good. 析物质名词特指时也应加定冠词。 误The sun rises in east. 正The sun rises in the east. 析 在方向、 方位前应用定冠词， 如： in the east, in the west, in the north, in the south, in the direction 及 in the pas

56、t, in the future 误Do you know who invented telephone 正Do you know who invented the telephone 析在特定和专有事物或名称前要加定冠词， 如：the English Channel 英吉利海峡 the Panama Canal 巴拿马运河 the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河 误Would you please buy some food for the supper 正Would you please buy some food for supper 析泛指一日三餐前无定冠词。 误I like to

57、climb the mountain in the autumn. 正I like to climb the mountain in autumn. 析一年四季前不用定冠词，如：Spring is the best season in a year. 误Sometimes my parents come to school to see me. 正Sometimes my parents come to the school to see me. 析 有些名词被用作其本身原来所含目的时不加冠词， 如： go to school 上学， leave school(辍学)，after school

58、(放学)，但如果当建筑物讲时应加冠词，如例句中其父母来校不是上学，而是看望孩子，则要加定冠词。又如，He was in hospital for two days.(他在医院住院两天了。)而：He went to the hospital to see his mother.他去医院初中英语语法之一-词法 第 17 页 共 129 页 看望他的母亲。 误I bought a same dictionary as she bought. 正I bought the same dictionary as she bought. 析在惯用法 the same, the only, the very

59、前的定冠词不可换为不定冠词。 误The police caught the thief by his arm. 正The police caught the thief by the arm. 析这是英文表达法与中文的明显不同之处，也是初学者极易忽视之处。在英语中的某些动词，如：catch(抓)，take(拿)，strike (打),pat(拍)，hit(击)，hold(握)，pull(拉)动词后应加人，再加介词 on, by, in, with之后要加定冠词，再加人体的某一部位。这时的定冠词千万不要换作 his, her, their, 等词。 误He was paid by hour. 正

60、He was paid by the hour. 析by 和计量单位之间要有定冠词。这句话应译为：他的工资是按小时计算的。 误I went to New York by his car. 正I went to New York by car. 正I went to New York in his car. 析by 仅仅与交通工具相连表示应用某种工具，而加了别的修饰词后其前面的介词也应作相应的转换。如：by car (坐小汽车)by taxi (坐出租车)by bike (骑自行车)by water (乘船)by air (乘飞机)by sea (乘船) 误Mary began to learn

61、 how to play piano when she was three. 正Mary began to learn how to play the piano when she was three. 析 在乐器前要加定冠词， 而在球类游戏之前则不要加冠词， 如： They like to play bridge when they are free. (他们空闲时爱打桥牌) 误The little boy wanted to go to cinema. 正The little boy wanted to go to the cinema. 析 英语中虽有一些名词与 go to 连用时不加定

62、冠词， 以表示该名词的内涵， 如：go to school (上学)，go to bed(睡觉)等，但去看电影则例外，要用 go to the cinema.这也是语言的一个特点。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 18 页 共 129 页 误I live at 105 the Lake street. 正I live at 105 Lake Street. 析街道名称前不用冠词。 误Next summer holiday I will go to country to live on a farm. 正Next summer holiday I will go to the country to

63、live on a farm. 析country 既作国家讲也作乡村讲。作乡村讲时，一定要加定冠词，而且只有单数形式， 作国家讲时则可有复数形式。 如： Japan is a country .Japan, China, India are Asian countries. 误The picture looks better at the distance. 正The picture looks better at a distance. 析at a distance 意为离开一定距离 。而 in the distance 为远方，远处 。这样常用的词组有： as a rule (照例) in

64、 a hurry (匆忙) in the morning/afternoon (上/下午) in the sun (在阳光下) in the rain (雨中) in the same way (同样) in the shade (在阴凉处) in the day time (白天) in the end (最终) on the other hand (换句话说) on the contrary (相反) 误The little boy and girl walk along the street a hand in a hand. 正The little boy and girl walk

65、along the street hand in hand. 析这是英语中的习惯用法，如： bit by bit (逐渐) day after (by) day (一天又一天) 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 19 页 共 129 页 day and night (日日夜夜) face to face (面对面) from A to Z (自始至终) from time to time (再三) hand in hand (手拉手) shoulder by shoulder (肩并肩) (三) 例题解析 1 Mr Li is old worker. A a B an C some D / 答案B.

66、 析an 用于元音音素开始的单词前。 2 English is useful language in world. A an, the B a, the C the, / D /,the 答案B. 析因 useful 的第一个音素是j ，它是辅音音素。 3 What interesting book it is? A a B an C the D / 答案B. 析这是感叹句，因为移到原一般句前面的强调部分中有可数名词 book,所以应加冠词，而 interesting 的第一音素是元音所以要加 an。 4 He will be back in hour. A / B the C a D an

67、答案D. 析因 hour 的首字母 h 不发音。 5 There is map in the classroom. map is on the wall. A a, A B the, The C a, The D the ,A 答案C. 析在文章中首次提到某人或某物时用不定冠词，而第二次再提到该物或人时初中英语语法之一-词法 第 20 页 共 129 页 应用定冠词。 6 Look at picture! Theres house in it. A a ,a B the, the C a, the D the, a 答案D. 析虽然是第一次提到，但在句中的语言是让对方看某一特定的图画，所以应选

68、择 D。 7 There is orange in the bottle. A a B an C the D / 答案D. 析这里的 orange 是指桔汁而不是一个个的桔子。 8 Beijing is capital of our country. A the B an C / D a 答案A. 析capital 之后有 of 结构则要用定冠词。 9 If you work hard at English, youll get A in the test. A an B / C the D a 答案A. 析因字母 A 的第一音素是元音。 10 He usually goes to schoo

69、l on foot. A a B an C the D / 答案D. 析on foot 意为走路上学，是习惯用法。 三三三三、 代词代词代词代词 (一) 知识概要 英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不初中英语语法之一-词法 第 21 页 共 129 页 定代词。人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。请看下表 人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们 主格 i you he she it we you they 宾格 me you him her it us you them 物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。请看下表 人称 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的

70、 我们的 你们的 他们的 形容词性 my your his her its ours your they 名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 反身代词可见下表 人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们 反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves 指示代词主要有 this, that, these, those 疑问代词有：who, whom whose, what, which, 还有疑问副词 when, how, where, wh

71、y。 不定代词在初中课本中主要有 some, any， many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either (二) 正误辨析 误Toms mother is taller than my. 正Toms mother is taller than mine. 析形容词性物主代词可以作定语，也就是讲它可以作形容词，如：my book，而这句话的意思是：汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是 my mother,也就是mine。 误We have a lot of homework to do today. S

72、o we need two or three hours to finish them. 正We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish it. 析在应用代词时，要注意人称，格与数的一致性。这里 it 所代替的是不可数名词 homework， 所以应用 it。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 22 页 共 129 页 误He and you should go to the library to return the books. 正You and he should go to the

73、 library to return the books. 析这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为 you, he, she, I,而复数时为 we, you， they:如男女并列时，应先男后女，如：He and she 如果在表示不好意思，承担责任时，单数时用，I, he, she, you, 复数时用 They, you， we, 如：Tom and I are good friends. You, he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon. We, you and they

74、 have been there before. I, he and you have to pay for it. 误He or his brother is doing their homework. 正He or his brother is doing his homework. 析由 eitheror, neithernor, or 连接两个主语时，如果两主语是单数时，用单数代词，如两主语是复数时，用复数代词，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一单一复两名词时， 一般将单

75、数名词放在前， 复数名词放在后， 要用复数代词， 如： The teacher or his students will clean their classroom together. 误His brother is taller than him. 正His brother is taller than he. 析than 是连词，其后应视为省略句，than he is.所以要注意区分其主格与宾格的用法。 I like you as much as she. 正I like you as much as her. 析asas 其后也应看作是省略句。应为 as I like her.所以应用宾

76、格。而第一句应译为我像她那样喜欢你。两句语法都是对的但含义不同。 误Myself did it yesterday. 正I myself did it yesterday. 正I did it myself yesterday. 析反身代词不可作主语，但可以用作主语的同位语。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 23 页 共 129 页 误Take care of ourselves. 正Take care of yourselves .(yourself) 析祈始句的主语应看作第二人称 you. 误Please bring your daughter with yourself. 正Please b

77、ring your daughter with you. 析反身代词不能作介词宾语，除非是由不及物动词与介词组成的动词短语，如： The old woman spoke to herself. 误Make yourself home. 正Make yourself at home. 析这是英语中的习惯用法，意为像在家里一样 。这样的用法还有： enjoy oneself 玩得开心 make yourself at home 像在家中一样 help yourself to something 自己拿某物 lost oneself 迷路 seat oneself 就坐 dress oneself

78、穿衣 误 Whos this speaking. Thats Mary. 正 Whos that speaking. This is Mary. 析在电话用语中，this 指讲话人自己，而 that 指对方。 误The days in summer are longer than this in winter. 正The days in summer are longer than those in winter. 析在比较句中往往为了避免重复，可以用 that 或 those 取代前面提到的事物，如是单数时用 that,复数时用 those，如：The weather in Beijing

79、is hotter than that in Chang Chun. 误It is so a good book that everyone likes to read. 正It is such a good book that everyone likes to read. 正It is so good a book that everyone likes to read. 析在可数名词单数时可用 so+形容词+不定冠词+名词+that 从句，也可用 such+不定冠词+形容词+that 从句。 在不可数名词或可数名词复数时， 只用 such, 如： It is such good weat

80、her that I want to go swimming. They are such good books that I want to buy them all.在 many, much, few, little 这 4 个词前仅能用 so,如： She has so much 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 24 页 共 129 页 money that she can buy everything she wants.而在 so 与 that 之间仅存形容词时， 则不能用 such,如:She is so sweet that everyone likes her. 误I want t

81、o buy a same dictionary as yours. 正I want to buy the same dictionary as yours. 析 same 与定冠词 the 是固定搭配不可更改。 这样的用法还有 all the same(仍然)。 误 I hope she might pass the exam. I dont hope so. 正 I hope she might pass the exam. I hope not. 析在作肯定回答时，I think so. I hope so. I believe so.但作否定回答时为：I dont think so. I

82、 hope/believe not. 误 He studied very hard this term. So she did. 正 He studied very hard this term. So did she. 误 English is difficult to learn. So is it. 正 English is difficult to learn. So it is. 析在对话中如果某一动作同时适用于两个主语，这时在答语中要用缩写且要用倒装句。如第一组句，即 studied hard 既适用于 he,也适用于 she.但答语仅仅是对前句的重复，即仅仅是第一句的缩写时则不要

83、用倒装句。如第二组句子为：英语难学。答语为：是的，难学。这时缩写的答语不要用倒装句。 误Everyone should do ones best. 正Everyone should do his best. 析 one 作代词时， 它的复数形式是 ones,所有格形式是 ones， 反身代词为 oneself.如果讲 One should do ones best.则是对句。如果 one 与别的词组成其他词，如： someone, anyone, everyone 或 only one 则要用 his/her，来作其所有格形式。 误 Who won the game? None. 正 Who

84、won the game? No one. 析由 who 提问的句子的否定回答中的简略说法是 no one,而由 How many 提问的句子的否定回答中的简略语是 None.如：How many books are there? None. 误There are many trees on either sides of the street. 正There are many trees on either side of the street. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 25 页 共 129 页 正There are many trees on both sides of the str

85、eet. 析 either 作代词时由两个含意， 其一是两者中随便哪一个， 如： You can take either.其二是两者中的每一个。但要注意的是 either 后要加单数名词，如果作主语则谓语动词也要用单数形式。 误Either you or I are right. 正Either you or I am right. 析在 eitheror,或 neithernor 连接两个主语时，其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。 误I have three sisters. Neither of them is a doctor. 正I have three sisters. None

86、 of them is a doctor. 析neither 用于两者中无一是，而 none 则用于多于两者中的人或事物无一是。 误He doesnt like Beijing opera. I dont like too. 正He doesnt like Beijing opera, I dont like either. 析either 作为也讲时，要用于否定句中，而 too 则用于肯定句中。 误We like both this little boy. 正We both like this little boy. 析 both 作同位语时， 它在句中的位置有： 在 be 动词之后， 如：

87、 We are both students.在实意动词之前，如：The parents both want to go to the cinema.用于第一助动词之后，如：We have both read these English novels.使用时要注意以下句子的实际含意：Both of us are not right.应译为：我们俩不都对。Neither of us is right.才应译为：我俩都不对。又如：I cant give you both of the books.意为：两本书我不能全给你，而I cant give you either of the books.才为

88、：两本书我全不能给你。 误We each has a ticket for the concert. 正We each have a ticket for the concert. 析each 作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式，如：Each of us wants to learn English well，但 each 作同位语时，则应以原名词的数为准。 误Every of us has to pass the exam. 正Each of us has to pass the exam. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 26 页 共 129 页 析every 只可作形容词，不可作代词，而 e

89、ach 既可作形容词，又可作代词，在作形容词时 each 侧重强调个体，而 every 则侧重于全体。 误Everyone of us should do housework two hours a day. 正Every one of us should do housework two hours a day. 析everyone 不可与 of 结构相连接使用，而 every one 则可以这样用。 误I should read English everyday. 正I should read English every day. 析要注意的是 every day 是每天 ，而 every

90、day 则是形容词为日常的 。如：everyday English 日常英语，everyday life 日常生活。 误There are trees on every sides of the street. 正There are trees on each side of the street. 析 every 用于三者或三者以上的每一个， 而 each 用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因为街道只有两侧，所以只能用 each 而不能用 every. 误All my parents are engineers. 正Both my parents are engineers. 析all 用于三者或

91、三者以上的全部，而 both 则用于两者的全部。 误All of students might make some mistakes. 正All of the students might make some mistakes. 正All students might make some mistakes. 析非特指的名词前可用 all 但不可用 all of 结构，也就是讲 all of 结构后面的名词前一定要有定冠词。其他与 all 有关的习惯用法还有： all the year round, all week, all day, all winter 误The all village w

92、as flooded. 正All the village was flooded. 析all 作修饰语时要用在所有修饰词之前。 误The post office is on other side of the street. 正The post office is on the other side of the street. 析单数可数名词如在泛指某一个时用 another,而特指时则要用 the other,因街道初中英语语法之一-词法 第 27 页 共 129 页 只有两边，而不在这边必定是在另一边，所以要用特指。请参考下表的用法以便于记忆。 单数 复数 泛指 another 形容词

93、作定语 作名词 another 代词 other others 特指 the other 形容词 the other 代词 the other the others 误There are ten students here Where are the others students? 正There are ten students here.Where are the others? 正There are ten students here Where are the other students? 析the others=the other students. 误The old man ha

94、s two sons. One is a teacher, another is a doctor. 正The old man has two sons. One is a teacher, the other is a doctor. 析 another 用于泛指， 如： Is it far from here to the station?Im sorry. I have no idea. One may say it is quite near; another may say it is far from here.但在特指时则要用 the other.它可以用作定语， the oth

95、er one,也可以用作代词 the other,但 the other 用作代词时它的含意一定是单数。如果指三者或者三者以上的情况时，则要用 oneanotherthe other.或者 onea secondthe third 误Some people like sports. The others like reading. 正Some people like sports. Others like reading. 析在泛指的复数名词前用 someothersothers来表示某些人某些人某些人。 误Please remember to water the flowers each o

96、ther day. 正Please remember to water the flowers every other day. 析every other day 为每隔一天。是习惯用法，不要随意改动。又如：on the other hand 另一方面。 误Many know him， but few likes him. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 28 页 共 129 页 正Many know him, but few like him. 析few 用于可数名词，意为几乎没有，但 few 作主语时谓语动词则要用复数形式，而 a few 为有一些。 误You have few friends

97、, havent you? 正You have few friends, have you? 析little 与 few 用于句中时，均要按否定句看待。 误Much of what you said are true. 正Much of what you said is true. 析much 用于不可数名词，作主语时用单数谓语动词。而 many 用于可数名词，它作主语时用复数形式的谓语动词。 误This room is enough large for the students to live in. 正This room is large enough for the students t

98、o live in. 析 enough 可以用作代词， 如： There is enough of the food. 又如： Enough has been done for the work，但 enough 还可以作形容词来修饰名词，这时 enough 可以放在名词之前，也可放在名词之后，如：money enough 与 enough money 都是对的。但当 enough 作副词修饰形容词时，则只能置于形容词之后了。 误I want any books to read. Do you have any? 正I want some books to read. Do you have

99、any? 析按照语法 any 用于疑问句和否定句，而 some 用于肯定句。 误Would you like any thing to drink? 正Would you like something to drink? 析在由 would you like 发出的问句中，表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料，或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时，在疑问句中要用 some 而不用 any。 误Someone want to meet you. 正Someone wants to meet you. 析不定代词应被看作单数，即使用 and 连接两个不定代词，也要看作单数，如： Anyone and

100、 everyone has the right. 任何人，每一个人都有这样的权力。 误New York is much colder in winter than before. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 29 页 共 129 页 正It is much colder in New York in winter than before. 析it 常常用在英文的句子中来代表时间、距离、天气、自然现象，或用在句中作形式主语或宾语，如： It is ten oclock now. (代时间) It is far from here to the airport. (代距离) It is very

101、hot.(代天气) It is very difficult to learn English well. (作形式主语) We found it very difficult to answer the question. (作形式宾语) 误Be careful. Dont drink too many. 正Be careful. Dont drink too much. 析这里 much 所代的应是饮料或水，所以应为不可数名词。 (三) 例题解析 1 These are books. Yours are over there. A I B my C me D mine 答案B. 析这里应用

102、形容词性物主代词。 2 is she? She is a teacher. A What B How C Who D Where 答案A. 析这里的四个疑问词放在问句中全都成立，但其意义不同。What is she?应译为她的工作是什么?或她是做什么的?而 How is she?应译为她身体如何?而 Who is she?应译为她是谁?其答语应为她叫什么名字。 而 Where is she?应为她在什么地方?由答语决定了这道题的选择。 3 is wrong with my watch. It has stopped. A Something, working B Something, to w

103、ork C Any thing, working D Anything, to work 答案A. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 30 页 共 129 页 析因为是肯定句所以应用 Something,其后由于表停止工作了，则 stop 后要用动名词。 4 Mary, help to the bananas, please. A you B your C yourself D yourselves 答案C. 析help oneself to something 为自己拿某物 。yourself 为你一个人 ，而yourselves 为你们 。 5 do you go to school every

104、 day? By bus. A How B Why C When D Where 答案A. 析这题的答案是由问句决定的。 6 My skirt is popular than. A much, her B much, hers C more, her D more, hers 答案D. 析因句中有 than,所以应选用比较级，而 than 后要选用名词性物主代词。 7 Can you speak English? Yes, but only. A few B a few C little D a little 答案D. 析因会讲某种语言的多少要用 a little,把它看作不可数名词对待，此答

105、语为：是的，但仅仅会讲一点。 8 Mr. Smith is an old friend of. A I B me C my D mine 答案D. 析这里应选名词性物主代词，这也是英语的一种习惯用法，而不要选择 my。 9 do you hear from your parents? About once a month. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 31 页 共 129 页 A How long B How many C How often D How much 答案C. 析How often 问的是某一动作发生的频率，即在单位时间内发生多少次。 10 Mr Green wouldnt sa

106、y at the meeting. A everything B nothing C anything D something 答案C. 析在否定句中应用 anything 11 Mum, Anns coming tonight. Lets give her to eat. Good idea! A anything nice B nice anything C something nice D nice something 答案C. 析 肯定句中用 something 而不用 anything,不定代词的修饰词应放其后而不要放在其前面。 12 When shall we meet, this

107、 evening or tomorrow evening? I dont mind. time is OK. A Some B Neither C Either D Both 答案C. 析因如选用 both 则名词要用复数名词，也要用复数谓语动词，由于答语前有I dont mind 则决定不能选择 neither. 13 This is not her kite, but. A hes B him C he D his 答案D. 析要注意他的名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词是同形的。 14 Dont worry, Mum! news is good news. Im sure daddy wi

108、ll come back soon. A No B Many C Those D Two 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 32 页 共 129 页 答案A. 析这是一条谚语，即没有消息就是好消息。 15 Mary has six apples. Her brother has three. She has apples than he. A few B many C more D fewer 答案C. 析由于是比较级，根据题意应选多于而不是少于 。 16 There isnt in todays newspaper. A anything interesting B something inter

109、esting C nothing interesting D interesting anything 答案A. 析 由于句子是否定句， 应选择 anything， 而且不定代词的修饰语应放在其后面。 17 September 10th is Day? A Teacher B Teachers C Teachers D Teachers 答案D. 析教师节 Teachers Day,儿童节 Childrens Day, 妇女节 Womens Day 18 In England, people eat a lot of takeaway food. What about people in yo

110、ur country? A So we do. B We do so. C So do we. D We so do. 答案C. 析在答语中用简略方式表达上文的一个动作同样适用于另一个主语时，则要采用倒装句，但如果仅仅是对上句的重复则不要倒装。 19 Shall we go into that shop and have a look? Sorry. I wont. I have to do there. A everything B anything C something D nothing 答案D. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 33 页 共 129 页 析这个答案的选择应由上下两句对话内

111、容作出决定。 20 Oh, dear! Who broke the glass? Sam Bruce. It was the cat. A Both, and B Not, but C Neither, nor D Either, or 答案C. 析neithernor 意为既不也不 21 The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake.are climbing the hill. A Others B Other C Another D The other 答案A. 析这里因为是代替复

112、数名词，所以应用名词性的复数代名词。 22 She is not a nurse. Im not. A also B either C neither D too 答案B. 析在否定句中该用 either,而不用 too 和 also. 23 I have two pencils. One is red, is blue. A the other B another C others D the others 答案A. 析两者中的另一个应为特指。而且应为单数形式的代名词。而 another 是泛指单数代名词。others 是泛指复数代名词，而 the others 是特指复数代名词。 24 S

113、orry, I cant answer your question. I know about the subject. A little B a little C few D a few 答案A. 析中文讲我对此知道的不多，而英文中要用 little。其含意为否定句。 25 My sister doesnt like skating. A So do I B So I dont 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 34 页 共 129 页 C Neither I dont D Neither do I 答案D. 析这是表达上面否定句中的动作，也同样不适合 于第二个人。所以要用 neither,并要采

114、用倒装句。 26 Yesterday morning there were only three boys in our room,. A you, he and I B I, you and he C he, I and you D you, I and he 答案A. 析这是若干人称代词并列时的顺序问题。请参看辨析中的例子。 27 All the students are busy, soof them will go to the concert. A many B little C a few D few 答案D. 析student 为可数名词。 28 The teacher gave

115、 student a new book. A nobody B both C each D any 答案C. 析both 其后的名词应为复数，而 any 用于疑问句和否定句中只有 each 可以修饰单数可数名词。 29 Black is neither a teacher a worker. A or B either C nor D and 答案C. 析neithernor 为既不也不的固定搭配。 30 Our teacher gave uson studying. A many advices B some advices C an advice D some advice 答案D. 析a

116、dvice 为不可数名词。some 可用于可数或不可数名词之前。 31 There are two foreign friends in the park. One is from Japan, is from 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 35 页 共 129 页 America. A other B others C the other D the others 答案C. 析因为是两者中的一个，所以另一个应用单数特指代词。 32 Are there on the table? A some cups B any cup C some cup D any cups 答案D. 析此句是疑问句，应

117、用 any cups, 因提问时的 be 动词用的是 are。 33 Ive just bought five stamps. One is a German stamp, are American stamps. A the other B the others C other D others 答案B. 析此空应填入主语。又因其范围已定，所以应选特指的代名词。the other 只能用作单数，而 others 是泛指复数代名词，故只能选 B。 34 It was fine day that they went to the park. A a so B so a C such a D a

118、such 答案C. 析在单数可数名词前可以有两种表达法，即 such+不定冠词+形容词+可数名词单数形式，如：such a good day，或者用 so 加形容词+不定冠词+可数名词单数，如：so good a day. 35 At that time the train was slow and noisy. Sopeople liked taking trains. A little B a little C few D a few 答案C. 析这是英文的表达法与中文不同之处。中文讲只有少数人喜欢坐火车，英文要选用few 。 36 We must help and understand

119、each. A other B another C others D the other 答案A. 析each other 意为互相 ，是习惯用语。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 36 页 共 129 页 37 is difficult to walk on the moon. A Man B One C That D It 答案D. 析这里的真正主语应为不定式 to walk on the moon.而形式主语只能用 it. 38 Jane has sent several letters, but of them have been answered. A all B both C eith

120、er D none 答案D. 析several letters 意为若干信件 ，应看作多于两者，则在 A、D 中作选择，仅 D 符合句意。 39 I dont know about the new headmaster. A something B everything C nothing D anything 答案D. 析否定句中应用 anything. 40 of the students in the whole class could do this physics question. A No B None C Not D Neither 答案B. 四四四四、 形形形形容词容词容词容

121、词、副词副词副词副词 (一) 知识概要 形容词的用法很活跃，在英语中用处也很多，但英语中修饰可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语和词组有时不同，要特别加以注意。下面将初中学习阶段中遇到的修饰可数名词的词和词组归纳如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修饰不可数名词的词或词组如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of。其中 some,

122、 no, a lot of, plenty of 既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。英语中形容词与副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分，其规则如下： 构词法 原 级 比较级 最高级 加 er，或 est Tall 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 37 页 共 129 页 young taller younger tallest youngest 只加 r 或 st nice large nicer larger nicest largest 重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音 字母时双写该字母加 er、est big fat hot bigger fatter hotter biggest fattest h

123、ottest 不规则变化的形容词或副词： 原 级 比较级 最高级 good better best Well better best bad worse worst 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 38 页 共 129 页 badly worse worst many more most most more most little less lest far farther further farthest furthest old older elder oldest eldest 要注意的是许多形容词同时又是副词，如：back, all, alone, either, far, high, s

124、low 等。而有些形容词则要经过一定变化才能转为副词，其规律如下： 构词法 形容词 副 词 一般加 ly Careful kind carefully kindly 尾是 y 时将 y 变成 i 加 ly Happy busy easy Happily busily easily 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 39 页 共 129 页 其 他 true terrible full possible shy whole truly terribly fully possibly shyly wholly 在学习过程中要注意其变化。 此外并不是所有副词都可以修饰比较级和最高级形容词。 能修饰比较级的

125、有： much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和 a little. 能修饰最高级的有：the very, much the, far等。 (二) 正误辨析 误 The young likes playing football very much. 正 The young like playing football very much. 析 定冠词加形容词表示一类人，应作复数看待。而定冠词加形容词表示抽象事物时则要看作单数， 如： The beautiful is not always kindness.美丽并不总代表善良。 误 The danger

126、 has gone, so the worst are over. 正 The danger has gone, so the worst is over. 析 意为：危险已经过去，最困难的状况已结束。用定冠词加最高级形容词作主语时应看作单数形式。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 40 页 共 129 页 误 It is the gold age of the young. 正 It is the golden age of the young. 析 golden 在英语中多用于比喻，如：golden hair 金发，gulden voice 金嗓子。而 gold 多用于表达金质的，如：a gol

127、d bar 金条，a gold coin 金币，但 gold fish 金鱼例外。 误 She is a warm heart woman. 正 She is a warm hearted woman. 析 英语形容词的构词法很多，其中之一是由形容词，或数词，加名词加 ed构成，如： warm hoarted 热心肠的，white haired 白毛的 误 There is an alive fish in the pool. 正 There is a living fish in the pool. 析 在初中范围内所学到的以 a 字母开头的形容词一般不能作定语，只能作表语。 如： The

128、fish is alive.(鱼还活着)这样的形容词有： alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awake 等。 误 The ill man nearly died. 正 The sick man nearly died. 析 ill 一般不作定语来形容某人有病，而要用 sick，但作表语时则都可以。如：He is ill sick, ill 作定语时则另有他意，如：ill luck (厄运)，ill nature(天性恶劣),ill temper(心绪不好) 误 I have important something to tell you. 正 I hav

129、e something important to tell you. 析 不定代词 something, anyone, somebody在用形容词修饰时， 形容词应放其后。 但要注意 thing 则不是不定代词， 不符合上述规律。 如： I have an important thing to tell you. 误 Ill be free on next Sunday. 正 Ill be free next Sunday. 析 在表达将来时的时候：next Sunday, next week, next year 或 last Sunday last week, last year 前都不

130、加介词。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 41 页 共 129 页 误 The girl is two year old. 正 The girl is two years old. 正 She is a two year old girl 析 由连字符连接若干名词、数词组成的形容词，在学习时要记住两点，其一是这些词中的名词都不要用复数形式，如：two thousand word report(两千字的报告)；其二是这样构成的形容词只能作定语，即用于名词之前，而不能作表语。 误 The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings.

131、 正 The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings. 析 在名词前若有几个形容词作修饰语时，其顺序如下。 1. 指示代词，定冠词 2. 数量词 3. 性质词 4. 大小 5. 形状 6. 老少，新旧 7. 颜色 8. 材料 但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。 如： What a pretty little white horse! Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. 误 The best

132、 way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day. 正 The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day. 析 good 是形容词，这里是修饰动词 speak 的，所以应用副词 well，但 well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如：He is well.(他身体很好)。He is good.(他是个好人)。 误 The children play on the grass nappyly. 正 The children pl

133、ay on the grass happily 析 多音节 y 结尾的形容词变为副词时应将 y 变为 i 再加 ly. 误 The teacher looked angry at the students. 正 The teacher looked angrily at the students. 析 英语中感观动词后面要接形容词， 这时它是修饰主语的， 如： The food smells good.食物闻起来很香。The teacher looked angry 老师看起来很生气。 而此句的意思为：老师生气地看着学生，所以应用副词形式。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 42 页 共 129 页

134、 误 He worked with me friendly. 正 He was friendly to me. 析 不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词， 但friendly是形容词， 这样的词还有lovely, lonely, costly, livelymonthly weekly。但其中有些词既是副词，又是形容词，如：early, hourly, monthly 误 You can speak free in front of your friends. 正 You can speak freely in front of your friends. 析 free 作为形容词意为自由的，有空闲

135、的，免费的。作为副词讲则是免费之意。 而 freely 作为副词则是自由的， 随便的。 这些要注意的词还有： hard 努力，艰苦 hardly 几乎不 late 迟，晚 lately 最近的，最新的 near 近 nearly 几乎 like 像 likely 几乎 误 They must have arrived till now. 正 They must have arrived by now. 析 by now 是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已经发生，所以应用瞬间动词。而till now 是强调某一动作一直持续到现在， 所以一定要用持续性动词。 must have+过去分词是对过去某一事

136、情所作的肯定推测。 误 Someone called you right now. 正 Someone called you just now. 析 just now 有两个意思，其一是刚才，其二是现在，而 right now 只能用于现在的状态。just 则用于完成时态，如： I have just finished my homework. 误 My father will be back from America at present. 正 My father will be back from America presently. 析 presently 有两个意思：其一是最近，不久，

137、其二在美语中是现在之意，与at present 相同。而 for the present 为暂时，如： I teach English in the school for the present. 误 Ill be back at the moment. 正 Ill be back in a moment. 析 at the moment 其意为现在，当时，而 in a moment 意为马上过一会，与初中英语语法之一-词法 第 43 页 共 129 页 in a minute 意思相近。 误 The train from Shanghai will arrive here in time.

138、正 The train from Shanghai will arrive here on time. 析 on time为准时， 而in time有两个含意。 其一是及时， 如： The doctor arrived in time。其二是将来，终究。 误 I met an old friend sometimes last month. 正 I met an old friend sometime last month. 析 Sometime 过去，或者将来某时。 Sometimes 有时 如： Sometimes I go to school by bus. Some time 一些时间

139、 如： I need sometime to do my homework. Some times 几次 如： I went to Shanghai sometimes this month. at times 有时，偶尔 at all times 经常 some other time 改天 误 I had met an old friend three days ago. 正 I had met an old friend three days before. 正 I met an old friend three days ago. * ago 用在时间状语中时，主句中谓语动词一般用过去时

140、，而 before 用于时间状语时则主句的谓语动词宜用完成时态。 误 He studied very hard. and at the end he passed the exam. 正 He studied very hard, and in the end he passed the exam. 析 in the endat last 意为最终，终于，表达经过若干努力而达到的结果。而 at the end 是在某事的结束时如何如何， 如： At the end of class, the teacher gave us some story books。 误 I will come her

141、e to help you each three days. 正 I will come here to help you every three days. 析 every three days 为每三天，即每隔二天，而 every other day 为每隔一天。 误 He didnt go to the cinema yesterday. and I didnt go, too. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 44 页 共 129 页 正 He didnt go to the cinema yesterday and I didnt go either. 析 英语中表示也，有 4 个字，a

142、lso, as well, too, either，但 either 用于否定句中，而前 3 个用于肯定句中。在肯定句中 too 与 as well 一般要用在句尾，而 also则可用于句中。 如： She went to the party and her boy friend went there too. 又如： Ive also read her other novels. 误 We should help the poor girl in anyway. 正 We should help the poor girl in any way. 析 anyway 为不管怎么讲，无论如何，如

143、：What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt. any way 为任何方式。这种常见的错误还发生在以下几组词中，如： everyday 日常的 every day 每天 faraway 遥远的 far away 远离 altogether 总计 all together 一块，大家一起 already 已经 all ready 全准备好了 误 You can come to the doctors at anytime. 正 You can come to the doctors at any time. 析 anytime 是副词 而 a

144、ny time 中的 time 是名词。 误 She said nearly nothing. 正 She said almost nothing. 析 nearly 与 almost 的含意相近，在很多场合可以互换，但在否定词前用almost。 误 There are too much mistakes in your homework. 正 There are too many mistakes in your homework. 析 too much 后接不可数名词，如：There is too much water for the flowers. 而too many 后加可数名词，

145、much too 后面加形容词， 如： It is much too difficult to learn English well. 误 It is late enough that we can go home now. 正 It is late enough for us to go home now. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 45 页 共 129 页 析 要注意的是 enough 后面一般不接从句而接不定式，或不定式的复合结构：for somebody to do something。 误 The twins are very alike. 正 The twins are much

146、 alike. 析 用 a 为首字母的形容词不能用 very 修饰，一般要用 much 来修饰。 误 - How long does he write to his parents? - Once a week. 正 - How often does he write to his parents? - Once a week. 析 英文与中文表达法不同，隔多长时间办一次某事，实际上问的是该事发生的频率，所以要用 how often。 误 As soon as I arrive in New York, Ill call up you. 正 As soon as I arrive in New

147、 York, Ill call you up. 析 当动词词组的宾语是人称代词时则一定要放于动词之后，如果是名词则可以放在词组其后。 如： I want to watch TV. Please turn on the TV. 也可以讲： Please turn the TV on. 误 He drove quickly his new car. 正 He drove his new car quickly. 析 副词在句中的位置很活，但主要有以下几种用法：实意动词之前，如：He quickly give me the answer. 在 be 动词之后，如：The little boy is

148、often late for class. 第一助动词之后，如：This book has almost been finished. 在单独使用的 be 动词和助动词之前，如： Can you help me this afternoon? I certainly can.但是无论如何也不能将副词置于动词与宾语之间，如果是宾语从句或是很长的名词 词组作宾语则才可以这样用： He heard clearly what the teacher said. 误 The children came late yesterday to the cinema. 正 The children came l

149、ate to the cinema yesterday. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 46 页 共 129 页 析 表示一定长度的时间的副词不应放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示强调则可放于句首。 误 You have few new books, havent you? 正 you have few new books, have you? 析 英语中的数量形容词有两组。修饰可数名词的有 few(很少，几乎没有)，a few(有一些，几个)；修饰不可数名词的有 little (很少，几乎没有)，a little(有一点，有一些)。要注意的是当 few 和 little 用于句中时应看作否定句，而

150、 a few 和 a little 用于句中时则应看作是肯定句。 误 He spent quite little money on his food. 正 He spent quite a little money on his food. 析 quite a 为一固定用法， 其意为十分， 相当， 所以。 quite a fewmany, quite a littlemuch 而 only a littlelittle, only a few=few. 误 Do you want to have many bread? 正 Do you want to have some bread? 析 s

151、ome 与 any 都可以用作形容词、副词或代词，在一般情况下，some 用于肯定句，any 用于疑问句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答复时，应用 some。 其次是 some 可以用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词。 误 Please tell me where the shoes shop is? 正 Please tell me where the shoe shop is. 析 在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时， 这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式，如： a shoe shop 鞋店 a fruit shop 水果店 a book shop 书店 a post office 邮局 a police

152、station 警察局 a bus stop 汽车站 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 47 页 共 129 页 误 He is weak at physics. 正 He is weak in physics. 析 在表达擅长于作某事时用 be good at something, 而其反意词为 be bad at something， 但 be weak in something。 误 This dictionary is worth to buy. 正 This dictionary is worth buying. 析 be worth 后可接动、名词表达值得作某事，又可接价格、金钱表示值多

153、少钱。 误 Dont afraid of that. 正 Dont be afraid of that. 析 afraid 在英文中是形容词而不是动词。这样的词组还有： be afraid of 害怕 be careful of 小心 be certain of 有把握，确定 be sure of 确信 be glad of 高兴 be sick of 厌恶 be fond of 喜欢 误 The work has already been done well. 正 The work has already been well done. 析 well 与 badly 作副词时，表示好坏，如果

154、句子是被动语态，则应放在过去分词之前，如：This machine has been badly damaged. 如果句子是主动语态，则应放于句末，如：I did my homework well. 误 We are yet in the classroom now. 正 We are already in the classroom now. 析 already 主要用于肯定句，而 yet 多用于否定句和疑问句中，如： Did you finish it? No. not yet. 误 Look. Here comes he! 正 Look! Here he comes! 误 Look!

155、Here the bus comes! 正 Look! Here comes the bus! 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 48 页 共 129 页 析 在句子开头用 Here 时，如主语是人称代词则不要用倒装语序，如果主语是名词则要用倒装语序。 误 She is my older sister. 正 She is my elder sister. 析 elder 和 eldest 是用来指家庭中兄弟姐妹的长幼关系，而 older, oldest 则是指岁数大多少，如：She is three years older than I. 误 Im tired. I cant go further.

156、 正 Im tired. I cant go farther. 析 far 有两个比较级 farther 较远的，further 进一步的，如：Do you need any further explanation? 你需要进一步的解释吗?当然它也有两个最高级。farthest 和furthest. 误 I went to Beijing University five years before. 正 I went to Beijing University five years ago. 析 ago 常与过去时连用，而 before 则多与完成时连用。 误 - Have you finish

157、ed your homework? - No, not already. 正 - Have you finished your homework? - No, not yet. 析 仍然有三个英文字可以表达它们是 already， yet 与 still。 要注意的是 already 经常用于肯定句中，如 The bus has already gone。 而 yet 多用于疑问句和否定句中，如：Have you finished your homework yet? 而 still 则常用于主语与谓语动词之间，如：We still cant decide what to do. 但也有时用于

158、 be 动词之后，如：He is still here. 误 He is very higher than I am. 正 He is much higher than I am. 析 much 可以用来修饰比较级，而 very 则用来修饰形容词原级，如：Im very tired. 误 - Can I walk to the station?- Youd better not. It is very far. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 49 页 共 129 页 正 - Can I walk to the station? - Youd better not, It is a long wa

159、y. 析 for 一般用在疑问句与否定句中， 如： How far is it from here to the station? 又如：It isnt far. 误 Ive ever been to America. 正 Ive been to America once. 析 once 多用于肯定句，而 ever 则用于疑问句，否定句，及条件状语从句中，如：Have you ever been to London? 误 - Could you pass the exam this time? - No, I am not afraid so. 正 - Could you pass the e

160、xam this time? - No, Im afraid not. 析 在肯定的答语中我们可以用 so 来代替上句所讲的事件， 如： Do you think she is a good student? Yes I think so, /I hope so, /I believe so/ Im afraid so.但在否定的答语中，英语口语的习惯用法则有所不同，如，I dont think so 而在 hope, belive 与 afraid 后则常用 not， 如：I hope not. 误 She didnt work enough hard, so she couldnt pas

161、s the exam. 正 She didnt work hard enough, so she couldnt pass the exam. 析 enough 可以作名词用， 如： Enough has been said for how to learn English well. (对于如何学好英语已经讲的足够多了。)另外它可以作为形容词，如：I have enough money (or money enough) to buy this dictionary. 注意 enough 作为形容词时即可放于名词前又可放于名词后，在初中范围的考题中多用于名词之前。如果enough 作为副词用

162、，那么它一定要放在被修饰的形容词或副词之后。 误 You cant be very careful. 正 You cant be too careful. 析 此句话的含意是你如何小心也不过分。tooto 的用法是太以至于不能作某事。 但在实际应用时也常常将后面的 to 省去， 如： It is too expensive for me.那对我来讲是太贵了。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 50 页 共 129 页 误 He is good past fifty. 正 He is well past fifty. 析 well 作为副词用时除用于好之外还有大大地、远远地，等意。往往有人对下面两句的

163、对或错有争议； He is well. He is good. 其实这两句都是正确的表达法，只不过其含意不同。He is well 是他身体不错，而 He is good 则为他是个好人。 误 She is not as half clever as her brother. 正 She is not half as clever as her brother. 析 在 asas 结构中要将修饰形容词的数量词倍数及 nearly, almost, exactly 等置于第一个 as 之前。 误 He is same age as Tom. 正 He is the same age as Tom

164、. 析 the sameas 是固定的用法， 其中定冠词 the 是不可省也不能换成别的词的。 误 Mother and her daughter are exactly like. 正 Mother and her daughter are exactly alike. * like 作为介词，其意为像，应用于 look like, be like, sound like, 其后要加宾语。而 alike 是形容词，或副词，如: You and I think alike. The twins are dressed alike。 但 alike 仅作表语而不能用于名词前作定语。 误 Who

165、is taller of the two? 正 Who is the taller of the two? 析 两者的比较级之前要加定冠词。 误 I have less books than Tom. 正 I have fewer books than Tom. 析 less 是 little 的比较级，而 fewer 是 few 的比较级。less 后应加不可数名词而 fewer 后是可数名词。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 51 页 共 129 页 误 There are three girls in my group. The cleverer is Mary. 正 There are t

166、hree girls in my group. The cleverest is Mary. 析 在两者之间应用比较级，在三者之间或三者以上的范围内应用最高级。 误 The boy sat there as quiet as his sister. 正 The boy sat there as quietly as his sister. 析 asas 的用法要注意的是：在其中间应加形容词或副词的原级，而不可加比较级，也有的语法书中称为同级比较。要根据句意决定是加形容词还是副词，这要看它具体是修饰动词还是名词而定，如：He is as good as his friend. 误 The har

167、der you study, and you can learn more. 正 The harder you study, the more you can learn. 析 英文中如果要表达越来越怎样， 在初中范围有两种表达法： 比较级+and+比较级。定冠词+比较级，如：The nights are getting longer and longer。 要注意的是多音节形容词的比较级前要加 more， 这样的用法是： more and more 加形容词，如：The girl is growing more and more beautiful. 误 Studying physics i

168、s not so interesting as to learn English. 正 Studying physics is not so interesting as learning English. 析 在作比较时，英语一般要求对比的两部分结构应一致。如用动名词，应都用动名词，用不定式时则都用不定式。但有时在后一个不定式前的符号 to 可以省略。如：To repair the old one is as much expensive as (to) buy a new one. 误 The girl is more cleverer than the boy. 正 The girl i

169、s much more clever (much cleverer) than the boy. 析 clever 有两个比较级： cleverer 和 more clever,要注意的是不能用比较级来修饰比较级。 clever 的两个比较级也各有不同之处，如用在两种不同性质的比较时多用 more clever,如： He is more clever than honest. (他的聪明要远远超过其诚实。 ) 析 The boy is the tallest to the three. 正 The boy is the tallest of the three. 析 最高级的范围要用 of

170、加复数形式或加集合名词。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 52 页 共 129 页 误 This book is one of the most useful dictionary. 正 This book is one of the most useful dictionaries. 析 在 one of 后面最高级形容词后要加可数名词复数。 误 This dictionary is the much best one of the English Chinese dictionaries. 正 This dictionary is much the best one of the Englis

171、h Chinese dictionaries. 析 在修饰最高级时应用 far/by far/much 加 the 加最高级。但 very 例外，如：He is the very best player in the team. 误 Shanghai is bigger than any other cities in China. 正 Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China. 析 在比较级中表示比较对象时如用 any other 其后一般要加单数名词。 误 Most of stories in this book are written

172、 in English. 正 Most of the stories in this book are written in English. 正 Most stories in this book are written in English. 析 大多数一词的表达法有 most of the +名词，或 most+名词。当用前一种结构时，其后面的定冠词不可少。 误 The temperature of that room is higher than this room. 正 The temperature of that room is higher than that of this

173、room. 析 比较级用于两句话之间时，比较的部分不可省略掉，但为了避免重复，一般都要用 that 代替前面的单数名词， 而用 those 代替前面的复数名词， 如： The books in that box are bigger than those in this box。 误 He is no more here. Maybe he is at home. 正 He is no longer here. Maybe he is at home. 析 no more 在现代英语中多译为：从此再也不会了，如：His voice is no more here. 他已经去世了，他的声音不可能

174、再出现了。而用 no longer 表达目前的状态。要注意下面几组句子的实际含意： This room is no cleaner than that one.即两间屋子都不干净。(两者都不干净) This room is not cleaner than that one,即这屋子不如那间干净。(前者不如后者干净。即一间干净，一间不干净。) (三) 例题解析 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 53 页 共 129 页 1 I think Chinese is than maths. . interesting B more interesting C. most interesting D. th

175、e most interesting 答案 B. 析 在有 than 作比较的句子中应用形容词的比较级。 2 - What does Lucy like better, singing or dancing? - Singing. of course. Shes known to it. A. be good at B. be good for C. be bad at D. be bad for 答案 A. 析 be good at 为固定搭配，意为擅长作某事。初中英语中有些这样的固定用法应记牢， 而不能似是而非。 如： be good at, be bad at, be poor in,

176、be week in, be fit for 3 The Huang He River is one of in China. A. The long river B. the longest river C. the longest rivers D. the longer river 答案 C. 析 在 one of + 定冠词+最高级之后的名词应用复数形式。 4 The girl was afraid she threw her bag away. A. so, that B. too, to C. too, that D. enough, to 答案 A. 析 sothat 为如此怎样

177、以至于如何，此句意思是：小女孩如此害怕以至于扔下包跑掉了。而 tooto 的意思为如何如何，以至于不能作某事。但 to 的后面是动词原形，而不是从句。 5 It was yesterday than today. A. hot B. hoter C. hotter D. the hottest 答案 C. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 54 页 共 129 页 析 用 than 表达比较的句中应用比较级 。 6 Which subject do you like , English Chinese or maths? A. best B. well C. better D. good 答案 A.

178、 析 在两者之间应用比较级，而在三者之间或三者以上用最高级。 7 None of the students watched it . A. careful enough B. enough carefully C. carefully enough D. enough careful 答案 C. 析 首先应判定是选用用来修饰名词的形容词还是用来修饰动词的副词。这里是修饰 watch 这一动词，应选用副词。当 enough 用来修饰副词或形容词时应放于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。 8 she eats, shell be. A. Morefat B. The morefatter C. Moret

179、he fatter D. The morethe fatter 答案 D. 析 the+比较级表示越来越本句应译为：她吃得越多，她就会越胖。 9 I dont think English is Chinese. A. as important as B. not important as C. not so important D. important as 答案 A. 析 think+宾语从句时，应采用否定主句的形式，如：中文讲，我认为你不对，英文应为：我不认为你对。 I dont think you are right. 所以不能选答案 B。而C、D 均为不正确的表达法。 10 Miss

180、Gao is a good English teacher. The students in her class English.A. are interested in B. are interesting in C. are interested at D. are interesting to 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 55 页 共 129 页 答案 A. 析 过去分词常用来修饰人， 而现在分词常用来修饰物， 如： an interesting book， 实际上过去分词含有被动之意，如：interested 其含意是被所吸引，感动。而 interesting 则为使人感兴趣的，如：a

181、n interesting man 一个有趣、风趣的人。 11 The twins are together most of the time. So they never feel . A. alone B. lonely C. happily D. friendly 答案 B. 析 alone 意为独自的，一个人的，它只能作表语不能作定语。I am not alone in doing such a thing.而 lonely 意为寂寞的， 孤单的， 如： The old man felt lonely. 要体会两个词的区别，如：The old man lived alone, but

182、he didnt feel lonely. 12 What a cough! You seem ill. A. terrible, terribly B. terribly, terrible C. terrible, terrible D. terribly, terribly 答案 A. 析 terrible 是形容词，而 terribly 是副词，第一个空是修饰名词的，所以应填入形容词。第二个空 ill 是形容词，这里 terribly 是用来修饰 ill 的。 13 The two friends were pleased to see each other that they for

183、got everything. A. so B. too C. very D. much 答案 A. 析 这里用的是 sothat 的固定搭配。 14 Which is , Li Leis box or Han Meimeis box? A. heavy B. heavier C. more heavier D. the heaviest 答案 B. 析 两者之间用比较级，三者或以上用最高级。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 56 页 共 129 页 15 You dont like the same colours and I dont like them, . A. too B. also C

184、. either D. neither 答案 C. 析 在否定句中也应用 either, 而不要用 too，因 too 用于肯定句中。 16 Jim is at all his lessons. And Im sure hell do very in the exams. A. well, good B. good, well C. well, well D. good, good 答案 B. 析 good 为形容词，如：He is good. 他是个好人。而 well 作为身体状况的好坏讲时是形容词，如：He is well 为他身体不错，而作为其他意思时为副词，如：He speaks En

185、glish well. 17 You look than before， why? A. more thin B. more thinner C. much more thin D. much thinner 答案 D. 析 多音节形容词才用 more 或 most 加形容词来表示其比较级或最高级， 而 thin的比较级为 thinner。 18 Lets go out for supper now. Im very . A. hungry B. angry C. tired D. thirsty 答案 A. 析 hungry-饿，angry-生气，tired-紧，疲劳，thirsty-口渴。

186、要注意名词的词义。 19 - Can you understand me? - Sorry, I can understand you. A. hardly B. almost 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 57 页 共 129 页 C. even D. ever 答案 A. 析 hardly 为一否定词，用在句中时应被看作是否定句。在答语中 Sorry 决定了其意为听不明白，所以只能选 hardly。 20 do you write to your penfriend? About twice a month. A. How often B. How soon C. How much D. H

187、ow long 答案 A. 析 how often 用来提问某一动作经多久就要发生一次， 也就是提问发生的频率。how soon 是问从现在起还有多久。 21 Changjiang River is river in China A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest 答案 D. 22 Ill work I can. A. so hardly as B. so hard as C. as hardly as D. as hard as 答案 D. 析 hard 可用作形容词和副词，如：The desk was made of hard wood

188、又如：It is raining hard。 而 hardly 是副词， 其词义是几乎不， 如： Hardly did I sleep last night. 我昨晚几乎没有睡觉。而且 hardly 用于句首时要采用倒装语序。asas 即可以用于肯定句，也可以用于否定句，但 soas 则只能用于否定句中。 23 It is very to listen to him. A. interested B. interesting C. interested in D. interest 答案 B. 析 interest 作为名词有两个词义，兴趣，银行中所讲的利息。而其形容词 初中英语语法之一-词法

189、 第 58 页 共 129 页 interesting 是使人感兴趣的，而 interested 是感兴趣的如：He is interested in English. 24 Things are worse than I thought. A. more B. few C. very D. much 答案 D. 析 只有 much 可以修饰比较级。 25 It is one oclock, but her father hasnt come back . A. already B. still C. too D. yet 答案 D. 析 完成时的否定句尾要用 yet， 而 already 则

190、用于肯定句。 26 Comrade Chen is older than I. A. very B. more C. much D. quite 答案 C. 析 只有much可以修饰比较级。 可以修饰比较级的词还有much, far, even a little, by far 等。 27 She did her homework . A. carefully B. careful C. care D. careless 答案 A. 析 这里应填入副词，而 careless 是由 care 加 less 后辍得来的，less 意为没有，是否定之意，如：careless-不小心，homeless

191、-无家可归。而 carefully 为副词。 28 They cant answer the question in Japanese; we cant answer it, . A. also B. too C. either D. neither 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 59 页 共 129 页 答案 C. 29 - How are your parents? - They are very , thank you. A. good B. kind C. well D. happy 答案 C. 析 由问句得知其询问的是身体如何，所以 well 作为身体状况不错时应视为形容词。 30 P

192、eter runs in our class. A. the fast B. faster C. fastest D. most fast 答案 C. 析 副词的最高级前可以加定冠词，也可以不加定冠词。 31 We were all glad that we sang and danced. A. such B. so C. very D. quite 答案 B. 析 在 so 与 that 之间只有形容词时不可用 such。 32 Kate sings Joan. A. as well as B. as good as C. so good as D. as better as 答案 A.

193、析 这里 well 为副词，意为唱得好。 33 This egg smells , though it looks all right. A. good B. well C. bad D badly 答案 C. 析 smell 为系动词，其后应加形容词，而不是副词。同样的词，还有 sound， feel, seem、become(变成)等等，如：Ice feels cold in winter. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 60 页 共 129 页 34 Wait a minute, I have to tell you. A. something interested B. somethin

194、g interesting C. interesting something D. anything interesting 答案 B. 析 修饰不定代词的修饰词要放在不定代词之后。 35 I shall visit you next year. A. sometimes B. sometime C. some time D. some times 答案 B. 析 sometimes 有时， sometime 某一时刻， some time 一段时间， some times 若干次 36 My sister said she would try to speak English every d

195、ay. A. a little B. a few C. litttle D. few 答案 A. 析 little 修饰不可数名词，而 a little 意为一些，一点。 37 I have friends here and I often visit them. A. few B. little C. a few D. a little 答案 C. 析 a few 意为有些，few 后面要加可数名词复数。 38 Of all these books, do you think, which one is ? A. interesting B. much interesting C. more

196、 interesting D. the most interesting 答案 D. 析 Of all these books 是用来表示最高级的范围 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 61 页 共 129 页 五五五五、 连连连连 词词词词 (一) 知识概要 连词是一种在句子与句子之间，短语之间以及名词等其他词语之间起连接作用的虚词，它不能单独作句子的成份。按其意义可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词连接的双方是对等的。常有的并列连词有 and, bothand, eitheror, neithernor， not onlybut also, as well as 等。但如果连接的两部分意义不

197、趋向一致，意义有转折的并列连词有：but, however, while (而)，only (只不过)。还有表示选择关系的并列连词，如：or, or else, otherwise 再有的是连接双方，互为因果，或表示前因后果的连词有：for, so, therefore (因此)，then 等。从属连词在初中范围内常常用来连接名词性从句，如：that, if, whether, 其次用来连接状语从句。其中有原因状语从句，常用的连接词有：when while, as, since, before, after, once, as soon as, until, till 连接条件状语的连词有：i

198、f, unless, as long as 等，而原因状语的连接词有 because, since, as, now that (既然)。目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等状语从句的连接词有：so that, sothat, suchthat, asas, than, where 它们在句子与文章中几乎无处不见。具体用法见下表。 连词用法一览表 种类 功用 例句 并列连词 连接具有并列关系的 词 He knows neither English nor French. 短语 Are you going by bus or on foot? 分句 Mary was a good girl, but

199、she had one shortcoming. 从属连词 引导： 状语从句 Ill do it as you told me. You will be late unless you hurry. 连接代词和连接副词 主语从句 What he said proved true. When well start has not been decided yet. 表语从句 This is why he didnt come yesterday. That is where he lives. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 62 页 共 129 页 宾语从句 The man asked me wh

200、ich I liked best. I cant understand why she is so late. 关系代词和关系副词 定语从句 Nicotine is a drug that gets one into the habit of smoking. He came last night when I was out. (二) 正误辨析 误 Both my parents are not here. They went to the concert just now. 正 Neither of my parents is here. They went to the concert

201、just now. 析 在英语中 both 一般用于肯定句中， 如用于否定句中， 其意义也不同于汉语，如： Both of us are not right. 在英语中应被理解为我们俩不都对。 而 Neither of us is right。 才能被理解为我们俩无一正确。 误 He or his parents has some tickets for the film. 正 He or his parents have some tickets for the film. 析 由 or 连接两主语时，谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致。 误 You should study hard,

202、 and you wont pass the exam. 正 You should study hard, or you wont pass the exam. 析 or 作为连词， 这里的意思为否则。 又如： Hurry up, or youll be late for school. 误 Though he is poor, but he is ready to help others. 正 Though he is poor, he is ready to help others. 正 He is poor, but he is ready to help others. 析 虽然但是是

203、中文中的常用结构，但在英文中用了虽然则不要用但是，用了但是则不能再用虽然，二者只可用其一。 误 Either you or I are on duty. 正 Either you or I am on duty. 析 eitheror 连接两个主语时，其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应，这也叫作就近原则。类似的用法还有 or, neither nor, not onlybut also 等。 误 Tom is our English teacher and teaching English in our school now. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 63 页 共 129 页 正 Tom

204、is our English teacher and is teaching English in our school now. 析 并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略，以免重复，但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时，后面的那个系动词不可省略，也就是讲连接的部分不可省略。 误 My father likes swimming and to collect stamps. 正 My father likes swimming and collecting stamps. 析 由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都用动名词，如用不定式则都应用不定式，这

205、是初学者要注意的一点。 误 My father is reading a newspaper, I am doing my homework. 正 My father is reading a newspaper while I am doing my homework. 析 两个并列句中间不可用逗号连接，要用并列连词来连接。 误 My father asked me that if I wanted to learn how to drive. 正 My father asked me if I wanted to learn how to drive. 析 宾语从句的连接词只能有一个不能重

206、复使用。 误 We will go both to Beijing and Shanghai. 正 We will go to both Beijing and Shanghai. 析 用 bothand作连接词时，其相连接的部分结构也要相同。 误 Not only Mary but also her brothers is going to dance. 正 Not only Mary but also her brothers are going to dance. 析 由 not only but also连接两个主语时，其重点在其后面的那一个主语，所以谓语形式应采用就近原则。 误 Th

207、e teacher as well as his students are coming. 正 The teacher as well as his students is coming. 析 由 as well as 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与 as well as 后面的名词无关，而与前面的名词相一致。 误 Tom does not swim nor play football. 正 Tom does not swim or play football. 析 nor 主要用于连接句子的对等连词，如在否定句中连接某一部分时要用 or, 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 64 页 共 129 页 但

208、要注意句子的含意，如：This animal does not like a cow or a horse. 这个动物既不像牛也不像马。This animal does not like a cow but a horse. 这个动物不像牛而像马。 误 For there is no light in the classroom. The students must have gone home. 正 The students must have gone home, for there is no light in the classroom. 析 由 for 引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注

209、意不能将该从句置于句 首，而应置于主句之后，并在主句与从句之间加一逗号。更要注意的是 because, as, since 与for 4 个表示原因的连词中 because 是因果关系，是最强的一个，而 for 是最弱的一个。有些语法书中干脆把 for 叫做并列连词 误 My brother will pass the English exam is no question. 正 That my brother will pass the English exam is no question. 析 主语从句的引导词 that 是不可省略的。这一点不要和宾语从句的引导词相提并论。 误 This

210、 map will show you how will you get to the hotel. 正 This map will show you how you will get to the hotel. 析 名词性从句作宾语从句使用时，最重要的一点是要用陈述语句。特别要注意的是那些使用双宾语的动词，如：tell, ask, show 误 While the clock struch ten, all the lights went out. 正 When the clock struck ten, all the lights went out. 析 while 是强调两个动作在同时进

211、行中， 如： While I am doing myhomework, my father is reading a newspaper. 而这里的 when 是正当某某时刻，就在这一时间点上，其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生。 误 While I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend. 正 When I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend. 析 这里用 when 表达在一个动作的进行中，另一个动作突然发生了。正在进行的动作用

212、一进行时态，而突然发生的动作用一般时态。 误 While I heard the bad news I felt sad. 正 When I heard the bad news, I felt sad. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 65 页 共 129 页 析 while 不能表达一点儿的时间，即瞬时某一时间点。 误 After school some students play football, or others go to the library. 正 After school some students play football, while others go to the l

213、ibrary. 析 while 在此处意为而，然而。 误 She sang when she walked along the dark street. 正 She sang as she walked along the dark street. 析 as 用于句中时，其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行。这里用 when 虽然不能讲是语法上的错误，但则看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱歌的心情。 误 I finished my homework until twelve oclock last night. 正 I didnt finished my homework until twe

214、lve oclock last night. 正 I did my homework until twelve oclock last night. 析 until 用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束，那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动词，如果要用瞬间，或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式。因截止性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作。如离开 leave 是瞬间动作，因一出门即为离开了，而不离开则是长时间的。 误 I have studied English when I was twelve. 正 I have studied English since I was twelve. 析 sin

215、ce 引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点，而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点，所以主句一般要用完成时态。 误 Because he didnt study hard, so he didnt pass the exam. 正 He didnt pass the exam because he didnt study hard. 析 because 与 so 在英文中两者不能并用的，只能在句中用其一。 误 He was such excited that he could not speak. 正 He was so excited that he could not speak. 析 so 与

216、such 的用法可以分为四种情况，用于单数可数名词之前，其格式是 such+不定冠词+形容词+单数可数名词，如：It is such a beautiful book that every child likes it. 也可以用 so, 其格式是 so+形容词+不定冠词+单数可数名词，如：It 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 66 页 共 129 页 was so beautiful a book that every child likes it. 在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前这时只能用 such, 如： It is such good weather that we want to swi

217、m. 又如： They are such good students that they can pass the exam easily. 在few, little， much, many 这4个字前只能用so而不能用such, 如： I have so much money that I can buy everything I want. 当 that 前只有形容词或副词时， 这时只能用 so, 如： She is so beautiful that every one likes her. He ran so fast that I couldnt keep up with him.

218、误 He got up earlier this morning so as to that he could catch the first bus. 正 He got up earlier this morning so as to catch the first bus. 正 He got up so earlier that he could catch the first bus. 析 sothat 与 so that 的用法有相同之处，那就是其后接从句，而 so as to 其后要接不定式，即动词原形。这样的词组还有：in order to。 误 I want to buy sam

219、e stamp that you have. 正 I want to buy the same stamp as you have. 析 the sameas (that)这是个固定用法， 在 same 前的定冠词是不能少的。 而 the samethat 意为我要的就是那一个。 而 the sameas 为要的是和一样的东西。 误 Before I do not give you the answer, Ill ask you some questions. 正 Before I give you the answer, Ill ask you some questions. 析 这种错误是

220、由于受中文的影响。在中文中可以讲我没给你答案前。而英文用了 before 就不要再用否定句了。 (三) 例题解析 1 We bought Granny a present, she didnt like it. A. but B. and C. or D. so 答案 A. 析 由于句意的原因，应选择转折连词。 2 Run quickly, well miss the early train. A. and B. but 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 67 页 共 129 页 C. so D. or 答案 D. 析 or 这里应译为：否则。 3 Ill give the book to him

221、he comes back. A. since B. as soon as C. before D. until 答案 B. 析 as soon as 引出的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来要发生的动作。 4 Dont cross the road the light turns green. A. when B. while C. until D. as 答案 C. 析 until 应译为直到才，因为前面的祈使句为否定句。又如：She did not go to bed until her mother came back. 应译为直到她妈妈回来她才睡觉。 5 Miss Gao has b

222、een a teacher 1990. A. before B. after C. since D. in 答案 C. 析 因为主句为完成时，所以应用 since 表示该动作的启始点。 6 - Which would you like better, tea milk? - Tea, please. A. but B. and C. or D. with 答案 C. 析 在疑问句与否定句中应用 or 来表示一种选择。 7 We love spring theres beautiful flowers every where. A. though B. but 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 68

223、页 共 129 页 C. or D. because 答案 D. 析 因为这里表示的是因果关系。 8 Please leave 7, then youll be able to get there earlier. A. till, in B. from, / C. before, / D. behind, to 答案 C. 析 before 为在之前离开。 9 The teacher didnt begin the lesson all the students stopped talking. A. until B. after C. if D. because 答案 A. 析 这句应译为

224、直到所有的学生都停止讲话老师才开始上课。因 begin 为瞬间动词，所以应用否定句。 10 Betty didnt go to see the film yesterday she was ill. A. but B. until C. if D. because 答案 D. 析 这里是表示因果关系，所以应用 because。因为她病了所以未去看电影。 11 You must start right now, youll miss the train. A. for B. and C. so D. or 答案 D. 析 or 译为否则。本句句意为：你必须马上走了，否则要赶不上火车了。 12 h

225、e is a child of six, he can read and write. A. Whose B. If C. Though D. Because 答案 C. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 69 页 共 129 页 析 这种状语从句在英语中称为让步状语从句，应译为：虽然他才是个 6 岁的孩子，他却可以读书和写字。 13 I like fish, chicken, eggs. A. and, and B. and, with C. /, and D. and, / 答案 C. 析 在有若干个名词或动词出现时，每一个词之间只用逗号连接，只在最后两个词之间加 and。如：The old m

226、an passed the street, went into a shop and bought some food。 14 Take this dictionary with you you may use it in class. A. when B. in order to C. but D. so that 答案 D. 析 so that 应译为为的是。本句句义为：带上字典，为的是在上课时可能有用。 而 in order to 其后应接动词不定式， 如： Take this dictionary with you in order to use it in class。 15 I h

227、ope will be fine tomorrow. A. it B. what C. whether D. when 答案 A. 析 hope 后接的是宾语从句，而且宾语从句中少主语，应用 it 来代替天气。 16 she was not well, I decided to go without her. A. Though B. As C. When D. Because of 答案 B. 析 as 这里应译为由于。全句意为：由于她不舒服，我决定不带她去了。而because of 其后不能接从句只能接宾语。如： Because of the heavy rain, we decided

228、not to go。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 70 页 共 129 页 17 My aunt bought me many story books that I spent a lot of time them. A. suchon B. suchin C. tooin D soon 答案 D. 析 因 many 前只能用 so 来修饰， 所以只能选择 D 选项。 而 spendon something 为在某事上花费时间或钱。如：She spent a lot of money on her clothes。 18 Mother was cooking she a knock at th

229、e door. A. when, listen to B. while, listened to C. while, heard D. when, heard 答案 D. 析 when 在这里应译为：就在那时，那一刻，那一瞬间。 19 Speak slowly, we can understand you. A. and B. or C. if D. because 答案 A. 析 and 这里是并列连词，应译为：请讲慢些这样我们就会明白你的意思。 20 Youll learn English well you put your heart into it. A. if B. so C. un

230、til D. or 答案 A. 析 本句译为：如果你将心放在学习上，你就会将英语学好。这里的语法现象是从句中用一般现在时表示将来。 21 I wont let you in you show me your pass. A. until B. for C. since D. because 答案 A. 22 She didnt go to school she was ill. A. why B. because 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 71 页 共 129 页 C. where D. but 答案 B. 六六六六、 介介介介 词词词词 (一) 知识概要 介词在英语中用法很活，也无一定规律

231、可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个，特别是那些和动词的特殊搭配。这样长期下去不断学习自然会总结出一套自己的规律来。下面是一般的规律，可帮助学习时参考，千万不要作为定律去背诵，照搬。 介词 表示时间 表示地点方位 表示原因方式 其 他 about 大约在时间 about five oclock 在周围，大约多远 about five kilometres 关于、涉及 talk about you above 高出某一平面 above sea level across 横过 walk across the street 对面 across the street after 在之后 after s

232、upper 跟后面 one after another 追赶 run after you against 背靠逆风 against the wall, against the wind 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 72 页 共 129 页 反对 be against you among 三者以上的中间 among the trees at 在某时刻 at ten 在小地点 at the school gate 表示速度 at high speed 向着，对着 at me before 在之前 before lunch 位于之前 sit before me behind 位于之后 behind

233、the tree below 低于水平 below zero 不合格 below the standard 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 73 页 共 129 页 by 到时刻，在时刻之前 by five oclock 紧挨着 site by site 乘坐交通工具 by air, by bick 被由 was made by us during 在期间 during the holidays for 延续多长时间 for five years 向去 leave for Shanghai 为了，对于 be good for you from 从某时到某时 from morning till ni

234、ght 来自何方 from New York 由某原料制成 be made from 来自何处 where are you from in 在年、月、周较长时间内 in a week 在里面 in the room 用某种语言 in English 穿着 in red into 进入里面 walk into 除 分 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 74 页 共 129 页 divide into 变动 turn into water near 接近某时 near five years 在附近 near the park of 用某种原料制成 be made of 属于性质 a map of U.

235、S .A on 某日、某日的上下午 on Sunday afternoon 在上面 on the desk 靠吃为生 live on rice 关于 a book on Physics over 渡过一整段时间 work over night 在上方 over the desk 超过， 高于 over five pairs past 超过某一时刻 ten past five 经过某地 walk past the park since 从某时以来 since 1980 原因 Since you were ill through 经过某一时期 through his life 通过、穿过某地 th

236、rough the forest till until 直到某时为止 till five oclock 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 75 页 共 129 页 to 差多少时间 five to ten 问，到，去往 to Shanghai 面对面 face to face 给予 give a book to me under 在下面 under the desk 少于 under ten 在管制之 下 under the rule with 用某种工具 with a pen 带着，具有 with me without 没有 without air (二) 正误辨析 误 We got to the

237、 top of the mountain in daybreak. 正 We got to the top of the mountain at day break. 析 at 用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。 误 Dont sleep at daytime 正 Dont sleep in daytime. 析 in 要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /aut

238、umn / winter 等等。 误 We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon. 正 We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 76 页 共 129 页 析 in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为 on, 如：on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th 误 He became a writter at his twenties 正 He became

239、 a writter in his twenties 析 这句话应译为：他在 20 多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词 in 来表示，而在具体岁数时用 at 来表示。 误 He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old. 正 He went to New York to find a job at sixteen. 析 在具体年岁前用 at, 如：at the age of 12， at your age， 等等。 误 We went to swim in the river in a very hot day. 正

240、 We went to swim in the river on a very hot day. 析 具体某一天要用介词 on, 又如：on New Years Day 误 Im looking forward to seeing you on Christmas. 正 Im looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas. 析 在节日的当天用 on，而全部节日期间用 at,Christmas 是圣诞节期间，一般要有两周或更长的时间。 误 I havent see you during the summer holidays. 正 I havent se

241、en you since the beginning of the summer holidays. 析 during 表示在某一段时间之内， 所以一般不与完成时搭配， 如： I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而 for 表示一段时间， 可以用于完成时， 如： I havent see you for a long time. 而 through 用来表示时间时则为整整，全部的时间。如：It rained through the night.而 since 则是表达主句动作的起始时间，一般要与完成时连用。 误 At entering

242、the classroom, I heard the good news. 正 On entering the classroom, I heard the good news. 析 On 加动名词表示一就。本句的译文应是：我一进入教室就听见这个好消息了。又如：on hearing 一听见， on arrival 一到达就(on 表示动作的名词) 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 77 页 共 129 页 误 In the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories. 正 At the beginning of the book

243、, there are some interesting stories. 析 at the begining 与 at the end 都是指某事物的开始与结束部分，均不指时间范围，而 in the beginning 则是指开始一段时间。in the endat last 是指最终，终于之意。 误 Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work. 正 By the end of next week. I will have finished this work. 析 by 引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点，其意思为不迟于某

244、一时刻将工作做完，所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态，如：Ill be there by five oclock.而 till 则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻， 但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词，而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式，如：I wont finish this work till(until) next weekend. 误 He came to London before last weekend. 正 He had come to London before last weekend. 正 He came to London two weeks ago. 析 before

245、 一般要与完成时连用，而 ago 则与一般过去时连用。 误 I have studied English for three years gince I had come here. 正 I have studied English for three years since I came here. 析 since 用来表达主句动作的开始时间，所以其引出的从句中应为过去时，而不能用完成时态 误 I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours. 正 I can help you repair this bike.

246、 You will get it in two hours. 析 中文经常讲两小时之后来取，两天内会修好，而这个介词在英文中要用 in而不要用 after。 其原因有二， after 多用于过去时， 如： I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. after 加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围，如：after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时，一定要用介词 in。 误 Three days after he died. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 78

247、页 共 129 页 正 After three days he died. 正 Three days later he died. 析 after 与 later 都可以用来表达一段时间之后， 但它们所处的位置不同， after 在时间词前，而 later 在时间词后。 误 She hid herself after the tree. 正 She hid herself behind the tree. 析 after 多用来表达某动作之后， 所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词， 如： I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to

248、 see a film. 而 behind 则多用于静态事物之后。 误 There is a beautiful bird on the tree. 正 There is a beautiful bird in the tree. 析 树上长出的果实，树叶要用 on, 而其他外来的人、物体均要用 in the tree. 误 Shanghai is on the east of China. 正 Shanghai is in the east of China. 析 在表达地理位置时有 3 个介词：in, on, to。 in 表示在某范围之内; on 表示与某地区接壤；to 则表示不相接。如

249、：Japan is to the east of China. 误 I arrived at New York on July 2nd. 正 I arrived in New York on July 2nd. 析 at 用来表达较小的地方， 而 in 用来表达较大的地方。 at 常用于 at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village。 误 He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road. 正 He lived at No. 3 Beijin

250、g Road. 析 在门牌号码前要用 at, 并要注意它的惯用法：at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page。 误 There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall. 正 There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall. 析 在屋内的角落应用 in，而墙的外角用 at，如：There is a tree at the corner of 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 79 页 共

251、129 页 the street. 误 This weekend Ill stay in Uncle Wangs. 正 This weekend Ill stay at Uncle Wangs. 析 要注意英文的特殊表达法，如：at a tailors shop (裁缝店)at a tailors, at the doctors (去看病) at the booksellers (在书店) at uncle Wangs (在王叔叔家) 误 Do you know there is some good news on todays newspaper? 正 Do you know there i

252、s some good news in todays newspaper? 析 在报纸上的新闻要用 in, 而在具体某一版上，或某一页上则要用 on。 误 The school will begin on September 1st. 正 School will begin on September 1st. 析 这里的 school 应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程，即开学之意。要注意，有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词，如：at table (吃饭)， When I came to Toms home, they were at table. 还有： at desk (学习)，a

253、t work (工作) at school (上学)， in hospital (住医院) at church 作礼拜如加上定冠词则另有他意，如： at the school 即在学校工作或办事， in the hospital 即在医院工作或去看望病人。 误 In my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time. 正 On my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time. 析 译文为：在去车站的路上我买了份报纸，为的是消磨时光在的路上应用 on ones way

254、。而 in the way 有挡道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way。 误 Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into. 正 Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke in. 正 Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into the office. 析 in 是表达一个静止状态，在与 break 连用时其后不加介词宾语，而 into 则是动态介词，与 break 连用时要加介词宾语。 误 Il

255、l leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow. 正 Ill leave Beijing for Shanghai. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 80 页 共 129 页 正 Ill leave for Shanghai. 析 leave for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配，不可将 for 改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有：start for 动身前往某处，set out for， sail for。 误 Im sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop. 正 Im sorry. I have to get out of t

256、he bus at next stop. 析 get in, 与 get out 是两个相反的词组。get in 为上车，而 get out 为下车，但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词， 所以其后不能接名词， 我们可以讲Wed better get in. 或 Wed better get out. 还有一组词组有关上下车： get onoff(a train, a ship, a struck) get intoout of (a car, taxi) 误 Be careful The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero

257、. 正 Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero. 析 over 与 above 在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时，即正上方时则要用 above.而泛指上方时用 over. 误 There is an old stone bridge above the river. 正 There is an old stone bridge over the river. 析 over 还有一意为跨越，横跨。 误 The Dead Sea is under the sea level

258、. 正 The Dead Sea is below the sea level. 析 在垂直下方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词， over与under也是反意词。 误 There is a big tree in the front of the house. 正 There is a big tree in front of the house. 析 in front of 是在物体外部的前面，而 in the front of 是在物体内部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus. 误 It took them t

259、wo days to walk across the forest. 正 It took them two days to walk through the forest. 析 across 作为介词有两个主要意思： 横过， 如： I want to walk across the street. 对面，如：There is a post office across the street,而 through 多用于三维空间中的初中英语语法之一-词法 第 81 页 共 129 页 穿越。 across 则多用于平面上的横过。 如： The little girl ran across the r

260、oom to meet her mother. 误 The sun sets toward the west. 正 The sun sets in the west. 析 towards 也可用作 toward，它主要表达朝向某方向运动，但不一定到达，如：He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位 east, west, north, south 时，其前面要用 in。 要注意的是这 4 个词可以用作副词， 如：I went south. 也可用作名词， 如：I went to the south.也可用作形容词，如：I went to the south par

261、t of China. 误 Do you have no other clothes except those? 正 Do you have no other clothes besides those? 析 beside 是在旁边， 如： The students stood beside their teachers.而 besides是除之外， 不仅而且， 除了以外还有， 如： I studied English besides French, when I was in college. 而 except 则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分，如：I come here every day

262、except Sunday. 而 except for 是指去掉不同种类的事物，如：The room is clean except for two chairs. 而 except that 则要加从句。 误 Can I write the exam paper with ink? 正 Can I write the exam paper with a pen? 正 Can I write the exam paper in ink? 析 with 后要加拿得起来放得下的工具，而墨水、颜料等原料则要用 in。 误 Im earlier today. I came here by his ca

263、r. 正 Im earlier today. I came here in his car. 析 在交通工具前加介词 by，但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词，否则要改换相应的介词。 by taxi=in a taxi by train=in a train by bicycle=on a bicycle by ship=on a ship by boat=in a boat by bus=on a bus 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 82 页 共 129 页 by plane=on a plane by air 空运 by land 陆运 by sea 海运 on foot on horsebac

264、k by phone by letter by radio by air mail by hand 误 A lot of French wines are made of grape. 正 A lot of French wines are made from grape. 析 made of 是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化，而发生了某种变化则要用 from,如：The desk was made of hard wood. 误 This is a good dictionary in English grammar. 正 This is a good dictionary o

265、n English grammar. 析 关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词，其中 on 表示某专业用书，about则为某方面的普通读物，如：This is a book about physics.即物理科普知识。 误 Do you have the key of the door. 正 Do you have the key to the door. 析 key to the door 门的钥匙。 相同用法还有 answer to the question, entrance to the highway, danger to health.千万不要用 of。 误 Today a lot

266、of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps. 正 Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps. 析 have interest in 是在某方面有兴趣。 误 I didnt do my homework, so the teacher was angry to me. 正 I didnt do my homework, so the teacher was angry with me. 析 be angry with 其后接人，而 be angry

267、 at 其后接事。如：He was angry at what she said. 误 He was good for skating. 正 He was good at skating. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 83 页 共 129 页 析 be good at 为擅长某事，而 be good for somebody 为对某人很好。 误 It was good to you to help my little boy. 正 It was good of you to help my little boy. 析 这句话应译为：你真太好了，帮助了我的小孩。而 be good to some

268、body 是对某人态度好。如：Her mother is good to everyone. 误 My parents were very pleased at me. 正 My parents were very pleased with me. 正 My parents were very pleased at my studying. 析 be pleased with 后加 somebody, 而 be pleased at 后加 something。 误 He is agree with me. 正 He agrees with me. 误 He againsts me. 正 He

269、is against me. 析 同意 agree 为动词，而反对 against 则为介词。在使用中一定要注意。 误 I havent heard letters from him. 正 I havent heard from him. 析 hear from 即为：从某人处得到信件。不要再加 letter 了。 误 Teacher. May I call at you this weekend? 正 Teacher. May I call on you this weekend? 析 作为拜访讲 call at 其后接地点，如：May I call at your home this we

270、ekend?而 call on 其后接人。 误 Do you know the girl on white? 正 Do you know the girl in white? 析 in white 为穿一身白。与 in 有关的词组有：in bed(睡觉)，in hospital(住院)，in a hurry(匆匆忙忙)，in danger(危险中),in joy (高兴)，in good health(身体好)，in love(恋爱)，in trouble(困境)，与之相反的是 out of ,如：out of trouble (摆脱困境)，out of date(过时了)， out of o

271、rder(出故障) 误 He looked at me at surprise. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 84 页 共 129 页 正 He looked at me in surprise. 析 surprise 的用法一般有三种。 用于句首， To ones surprise, 如： To my surprise he succeeded. be surprised at, 如：I was surprised at the news. 用于句尾 in surprise. 误 She didnt come to school because of she was ill. 正 She d

272、idnt come to school because she was ill. 析 because of 后接名词，如：The game was put off because of the rain. (三) 例题解析 1 - Thank you the beautiful flowers! - Not at all. A in B on C at D for 答案 D. 析 由于某事向某人道谢应用 for。 2 Can you answer this question English? A by B in C with D from 答案 B. 析 in 表示用语言、声音、或材料，如：H

273、e answered the question in a low voice. 3 Look the map China the wall, please. A after, of, in B at, of, in C after, in, on D at, of, on 答案 D. 析 look at 为看，而 on the wall 为在墙表面挂着，而 in the wall 则是在墙内，如：There is hole in the wall.墙上有个洞。 4 - When did Mr Green arrive in London? - He arrived there the even

274、ing of December 6th. A at B in C on D to 答案 C. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 85 页 共 129 页 析 in the evening / afternoon 这两个词组不论是在其前或后加上任何修饰词都应将介词换为 on,如：on a cold morning, on a spring morning 等。 5 We won the relay race. And there was a big smile our teachers face. A off B near C on D between 答案 C. 6 The twins got on

275、 well their classmates. A to B in C with D about 答案 C. 析 get on well with 与人相处很好。 7 - Please remember to come to my birthday party. - I see. Ill come Saturday evening. A in B at C on D for 答案 C. 8 Lets hurry， or well be late school A to B at C with D for 答案 D. 析 be late for， 而 come late to， 如： Dont

276、come late to school 9 They will have a maths test two days A for B at C in D after 答案 C. 析 三天之内应用 in，而不要受中文影响用 after， after three days 是个不定的时间范围，即没有一个准确的时间。5 天、6 天、10 天全是 after three days。 10 My brother joined the army 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 86 页 共 129 页 A 1989， March B in March， 1989 C March， 1989 D 1989， i

277、n March 答案 B. 析 在月份、年、前用介词 in，而日子前用 on。 11 He couldnt work out the maths problem your help A without B under C for D with 答案 A. 析 在某人帮助下应用 with， 如：With the help of the teacher I passed the exam easily 而要是没有你的帮助则用 without your help 12 Granny took one look at us her glasses A by B through C on D in 答案

278、 B. 析 through 为穿过。 13 We had our breakfast a quarter seven A /， to B in， to C at， to D on， to 答案 C. 析 具体时间点前用 at，而差几分几点用 to，这里应译为：我在差一刻七点吃的早饭。 14 I learn French the radio every day A on B in C from D at 答案 A. 析 从收音机中听到某事应用词组 on the radio。 15 Its good manners to wait line A in B on C at D with 初中英语语法

279、之一-词法 第 87 页 共 129 页 答案 A. 析 in line 为排队。 16 How many English words had you learnt last term? A by the end of B at the end of C to the end of D till the end of 答案 A. 析 by the end of 为动作的截止时间，与完成时态相配合 17 The manager was very satisfied his work A in B on C about D with 答案 D. 析 be satisfied with 为固定搭配。

280、 18 John hit Jack face A on the B in the C on his D in his 答案 B. 析 英文中的某些动词其后要接人， 然后加介词the身体部位， 如： He caught the boy by the arm。 19 I was born the night September 15， 1978 A in， on B at， on C at， in D on， of 答案 D. 析 在时间前加介词时应以最小的时间单位为准。 20 Its a bad manner to laugh people when they are trouble A ove

281、r， in B at， in C in， at D at， for 答案 B. 析 laugh at 嘲笑某人， laugh over 笑着谈论某人或某事， in trouble 陷入困初中英语语法之一-词法 第 88 页 共 129 页 境。 21 I cant do this work well Toms help A under B for C without D from 答案 C. 22 Dont shout the old woman。 You should be more polite her A to， at B at， to C in， for D from， for 答案

282、B. 析 shout at 为冲某人喊叫，而 be polite to somebody 为对某人和气。 23 We must be strict our selves everything A with， in B in， with C with， to D to， of 答案 A. 析 be strict with 对某人严格要求。 24 He went to the football match lunch last Sunday A to B without C behind D between 答案 B. 析 without lunch 未吃午饭。 25 The peoples Re

283、public of China was founded 1949 A with B on C since D in 答案 D. 析 在年代前用 in。因句子是过去时而不是完成时，所以不能用 since。 26 Mr Black got to Hangzhou a few days A in B after C on D at 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 89 页 共 129 页 答案 B. 析 这句话应译为：几天之后 Mr Black 到达了杭州。而不是在几天之内一定要做完某事，所以选 B。 27 - Has the teacher given you any advice your Engl

284、ish study? - Yes， he has A from B with C on D in 答案 C. 析 给予某一方面问题的忠告其介词用 on。 28 You may depend him He is honest man A on， a B in， an C on， an D at， the 答案 C. 析 depend on 为依靠某人或某事，而 honest 的首字母 h 不发音。 29 my joy， I can answer this question A With B To C By D For 答案 B. 析 To ones joy 意为使我高兴的是。 30 The te

285、acher asked the students to look the word in the dictionary A for B at C up D after 答案 C. 析 look for 寻找， look at 看， look after 照顾， look up 查字典。 31 A little monkey is playing a tree and there are a lot of bananas it A on， on B in， on C on， in D in， in 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 90 页 共 129 页 答案 B. 析 树上长出的果实为 on th

286、e tree 而其他外来之物要用 in the tree， 表达在树上。 32 I go to school bus every morning. A. in B. by C. on D. at 答案 B. 析 by 后直接加交通工具，表示乘某种交通工具去某地。 33 No one likes a person bad manners. A. without B. on C. out of D. with 答案 D. 析 with bad manners 有不良习惯的人。 34 The policeman was surprised the news. A. into B. for C. at

287、 D. out of 答案 C. 析 be surprised at 对某事吃惊。 35 He had to sell newspapers seven. A. at an age of B. at the ages of C. at the age of D. at age of 答案 C. 析 at the age of 在几岁时。 36 The little girl couldnt help when she saw a large dog. A. cried B. to cry C. crying D. cries 答案 C. 析 couldnt help动名词表示情不自禁地去做某事

288、，或禁不住做某事。 37 Jack was born March 1st, 1978. A. on B. in C. at D. of 答案 A. 析 日期，时间前的介词按其表达语中的最小单位计算。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 91 页 共 129 页 38 Edison was very interested science when he was a boy. A. to B. on C. in D. about 答案 C. 析 be interested in something 对某事感兴趣。 39 The teacher was very satisfied her answer.

289、A. in B. on C. for D. with 答案 D. 40 The story happened Beijing. A. in B. with C. for D. on 答案 A. 七七七七、 数数数数 词词词词 (一) 知识概要 数词用来表示人或物的数目多少和顺序。所以数词主要有两种：基数词，用于计数，如：one, two而序数词用于表示位置先后或次序，台：first second其构成法如下： 阿拉伯数字 基数词 序数词 简写序数词 1 one first 1st 2 two second 2nd 3 three third 3rd 4 four fourth 4th 5 fi

290、ve fifth 5th 6 six sixth 6th 7 seven seventh 7th 8 eight eighth 8th 9 nine ninth 9th 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 92 页 共 129 页 10 ten tenth 10th 11 eleven eleventh 11th 12 twelve twelfth 12th 13 thirteen thirteenth 13th 14 fourteen fourteenth 14th 15 fifteen fifteenth 15th 16 sixteen sixteenth 16th 17 seventeen se

291、venteenth 17th 18 eighteen eighteenth 18yh 19 nineteen nineteenth 19th 20 twenty twentieth 20th 21 twenty-one twenty-first 21st 30 thirty thirtieth 30th 40 forty fortieth 40th 50 fifty fiftieth 50th 60 sixty sixtieth 60th 70 seventy seventieth 70th 80 eighty eightieth 80th 90 ninety ninetieth 90th 1

292、00 a(one)hundred hundredth 100th 104 one hundred and four hundred and fourth 104th 1000 a(one) thounsand thounsandth 1000th 10000 ten thounsand ten thounsandth 10000th 1000000 one million millionth 1000000th 基数词与序数词都有一定的构成方法，但都有特殊例外的几个字，所以除了要学会一般构成法之外，还要特别记熟一些例外。因它们在考试中出现的频率很高。 1 基数词构成结构 2199 的两位数字，

293、在 10 位和个位之间加连字符构成，如 89-eighty-nine.初中英语语法之一-词法 第 93 页 共 129 页 的三位数字， 由 hundred 加 and 再加二位数或未位数字， 如： 101-one hundred and one, 223-two hundred and twenty-three.四位以上数字，应从个位起向前数三位加逗号，读作 thousand,再数三位加第二个逗号，读作 million,再数三位加逗号，读作 billion，其读法如下： 1001-one thousand and one -five thousand, three hundred and e

294、ightysix 要注意的是 hundred, thousand, million 与 billion 的用法。 前面有别的基数词时， 即若干个百、 千、 百万、 十亿时， 其本身都不要加 s， 如： three hundred students。 若表示成百，成千或数百，数千时，前面不能有基数词，但其本身要用复数形式，然后+of+名词复数。如：thousands and thousands of。 (成千上万) 2 序数词的构成法 序数词除 first, second, third 以外，其余一般在词尾加 th 构成，除一般略有差异的各别数词外，很容易掌握。其二位数或多位数只将后面的个位数字

295、改为序数词，其前面各位数字均不改变，都用基数词。 3 其他数字表示法 小数的小数点读作 point，零读作 o或 zero,小数点后面的数字按个位基数词依次读出。分数分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于 1 时，分数要在序数词上加 s，但用 one half, 1 4 用 a quarter. 读作 one third 而 读作 two thirds。 百分数(%)， 读作 per cent (percent),但不论是多少均用作单数形式不能加 s。表示日期有两种说法和四种写法，如：2 月 1 号英语表达法为：the first of February 而美语为 February (the)

296、 first,但其书写上可有四种写法 February 1 February 1st 1st February 1/2。倍数的讲法有所不同。两倍用 twice,而三倍以上用序数词加 times,如： He has three times as many books as I have. (二) 正误辨析 误 1107 should be read as a thousand a hundred as seven. 正 1107 should be read as one thousand one hundred and seven. 析 在读数字时，如：and 前只有百或千时，用 one hu

297、ndred/ one thousand 还是 a hundred /a thousand 全是可以的。但如果文有百又有千时，则只能用 one 不要用 a。 如果没有 and 时，如：1100 也只能读作 one thousand one hundred 或 eleven 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 94 页 共 129 页 hundred. 误 I drove about half mile. 正 I drove about half a mile. 析 半小时为 half an hour, 半天为 half a day, 半镑为 half a pound, 尽量避免用 half a year

298、, half a month, 要用 six months, two weeks 或 fifteen days 要注意的是Half of the work is done Half of the books are sold. 当 Half 作名词时，其谓语动词要看 of 后面的名词而定。如名词是不可数名词则用单数谓语动词，如是复数名词时， 则要用复数谓语动词。 要注意的是一个半的表达法， 如： One and a half apples is left on the table.其名词要用复数，但谓语动词则要用单数。 误 60 students are playing on the grou

299、nd. 正 Sixty students are playing on the ground. 析 在句首的数字要用文字而不要用阿拉伯数字，如数字过大则应放于句中，用阿拉伯数字。如： There are 166 students playing on the ground. 误 He became famous around fifty years old. 正 He became famous in his fifties. 析 in his fifties 50 多岁时，而 in the fiflies 在 50 年代。 误 There are about two thousands wo

300、rkers in our factory. 正 There are about two thousand workers in our factory 析 几千， 几百的表达法是基数词加 thousand 或加 hundred,而且均不要加 s。这样的单位还有 dozen(打)， score (20 年)等。 误 In the morning there are hundred of old people walking in the park. 正 In the morning there are hundreds of old people walking in the park. 析 当

301、表达数百，数千时，要用 hundreds of 和 thousands of 这一结构。 误 The class begins at eight a. m. 正 The class begins at 8 a. m. 析 与符号或与缩写的字母连用时一定要用数字，如：43%， 67 , No.2 误 Two fifth of the books are sold out. 正 Two fifths of the books are sold out. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 95 页 共 129 页 析 分数表示法，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，但分子大于 1 时，分母要在序数词后加 s。 误

302、 Tom was born on July eighteen. 正 Tom was born on July eighteenth. 析 月日的表达法有美语和英语两种。 美语 July 18 读作 July eighteenth 英语 July 18th 读作 July the eighteenth 误 Ill go to school at 7 a. m. in the morning. 正 Ill go to school at 7 a. m/ at 7 in the morning. 析 a. m 即表达在早上之意，不要再用 in the morning. 误 The film will

303、 begin at three quarters past one. 正 The film will begin at one quarter to two. 析 大于 30 分钟时不要使用 past，而要用差多少不到几点的 to 来表达。 误 Three time three is nine. 正 Three times three is nine. 析 times 此处作为乘讲一定要加 s。 英语中乘除法表达式如下： 算法 种类 例 句 加法 一般 Five and six is eleven. 正式 Five plus six is (equals) eleven. 减法 一般 Eigh

304、t take away four leaves (is) four. Four from Eight leaves (is) four. 正式 Eight minus four equals (is) four. 乘法 一般 Three fours are twelve 34=12 正式 Three times four equals (is) twelve. 一般 Two in to four is two. 正式 Four divided by two equals two. (三) 例题解析 1 - How many students are there in your school,

305、Mike? - There are over students in our school. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 96 页 共 129 页 A. two thousands B. two thousands of C. two thousand D. two thousand of 答案 C. 析 有基数词在前面时 thousand， hundred 等词不能加 s，也不能加 of 结构，只有在 thousands of 时才可以使用。 2 John lives on floor. He doesnt use a lift to go up and down. A. nine B. t

306、he ninth C. ninth D. a ninth 答案 B. 析 序数词前加定冠词，nine 与 ninth 的拼写上有一个 e 字母相差别。 3 Wu Dong won the girls race in the school sports meeting last week. A. 100 metres B. 100 metres C. 100 metre D. 100 metre 答案 D. 析 数词、名词、形容词等词用连字符连接成的形容词中，名词都不要加 s，如： I have to write a two thousand word report.而且由连字符组成的形容词只能

307、放于名词前，不能放于名词后，作后置定语，或用在 be 动词后作表语。 4 There are students in our school. A. four hundred twenty B. four hundred and twenty C. four hundreds twenty D. four hundreds and twenty 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 97 页 共 129 页 答案 B. 5 - How many days are there in a year? - There are . A. three hundreds and sixty five B. three

308、 hundreds sixty five C. three hundred and sixty five D. three hundred sixty five 答案 C. 6 We have learned about English words. A. nine hundreds B. nine hundred C. nine hundred of D. nine hundreds of 答案 B. 7 Autumn is season of the year. A. third B. the three C. thirds D. the third 答案 D. 8 They are le

309、arning now. A. Lesson Eight B. the eight lesson C. Lesson Eithth D. Eighth lesson 答案 A. 析 第几课，第几个门，在英语中有两种说法，Lesson Two, Gate Two但要注意每一单词的首字母要大写。 the second lesson, the second gate 首字母不初中英语语法之一-词法 第 98 页 共 129 页 要大写，并要注意有些缩写的读法。如: p. 8-第 8 页(page eight) $ 8.50-8.5 美元(five dollars and fifty) 电话号码 661

310、64532(six, six, one, six, four five, three, two) 9 The boy was so hungry that he ate . A. three bowls of rices B. three bowl of rice C. three bowl of rices D. three bowls of rice 答案 D. 析 rice 是不可数物质名词，而 bowl 是可数名词。 10 There are months in a year. A. twelve B. twelf C. twelveth D. twelfth 答案 A. 八八八八、

311、动动动动 词词词词 (一) 知识概要 动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。它的语法现象也较多，但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。 时态：初中范围主要有一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来时与过去将来时六种时态。 语态：主动语态与被动语态。 助动词和情态动词。 非谓语动词，也就是不定式，动名词及现在分词的用法。时态主要掌握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法。 1 一般现在时：主要有以下三方面， 用来表示状态，特征或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理。如：Matter exists in three states 物质有三态。又如：The earth 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 99 页 共

312、129 页 moves around the sun 表示习惯性和经常发生的动作，如：I often go to bed at 9 在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作，如：As soon as I get there Ill telephone you. 2 一般过去时： 主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态， 如：I was ill last week 过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作，如：I used to get up at six. 3 一般将来时：用于表示将要发生的动作，其构成方式 用ill (shall)+动词原形来表达将来在某一时间内要发生，或经常、将要发生的动作

313、或状态，如：School will begin on Sepember 1st 用 be going to+动词原形，用来表示不久将要发生或打算去作的动作。如： Im going to swim this afternoon be+现在分词，也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来，如： Im coming。这些动词只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to 等动词。 在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。 4 现在进行时：用于表示现在正在进行的动作，如：What are you doing now?要注意的是表示状态，

314、情感的某些词没有现在进行时， 这些动词有： like, have (有)，love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect 5 过去将来时：用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作，如： He told me he would come to my party 6 现在完成时与过去完成时：现在完成时的两个用处是： 用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在，如：Ive studied English for two years 用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在， 如：

315、I havent had my breakfast. so Im hungry now 现在完成时与过去完成时的区别在于动作的截止时间，现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在， 而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去。 如： I havent seen my old teacher for a long time 我好久未见到我过去的老师了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句话，则将变为过去完成时，如：Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadnt seen him for a long time. 因为我好久未见他这一情况截止于昨天。还要注意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时

316、，但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：When I got to school, 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 100 页 共 129 页 the class had begun 如果一定要讲开始几分钟了则要换用表示状态，或延续性动词，如：When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes 语态：英语中只有主动语态与被动语态之分。主动语态，句子中的主语是动作的执行者，如：I broke the window 而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语， 如： The window was broken by me 被动语态主

317、要用于，动作的执行者不明确，或没有必要说出来， 如： The New building was built last week 关键要注意的是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号 to 的动词， 在被动语态要还原， 如： 主动语态 I saw him come in.被动语态 He was seen to come in. 助动词和情态动词：助动词本身没有词义，它只不过与实义动词一起构成谓语动词，形成了时态、语态、构成了疑问句，否定句，以及用来加强语气。而情态动词则表达一种可能、必要、允许、愿望、猜测的意图、 倾向。 也用来表示语气的委婉和祝愿。 初中阶段主要有： can, could, may, m

318、ight, will, would, must (have to), shall, should。 最后要谈论的是非谓语动词，非谓语动词分为不定式，和动词的 ing 形式，(即现在分词和动名词)。虽然在初中范围，这一项不是语法重点，但还是要花一定时间去学习，为的是打下良好的基础。为进一步学习提供良好的条件。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。如：To see is to believe.(百闻不如一见) He want to see a film 还可以作补足语，如：He wants me to leave.也可以作状语，如：I come here to learn English.动名词也可

319、以起到上述作用， 如： Seeing is believing. I like swimming very much. 而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、状语，如： The girl driving a car is her sister.(定语) Did you notice his hand shaking?(宾语补足语) Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.(状语) (二) 正误辨析 误 She laid down and soon fell asleep. 正 She lay down and soon fell asleep. 析 考试中常出现的

320、是易混动词 lay 放，lie 躺，lie 说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下： lay (放) laid， laid， laying (及物动词) lie (躺) lay， lain， lying (不及物动词) 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 101 页 共 129 页 lie (说谎) lied， lied， lying 误 Please rise your hand. 正 Please raise your hand. 析 rise 是不及物动词， 其后不能接宾语， 如： The sun rises in the east.而 raise是及物动词。 误 I like to s

321、wim very much, but I dont like swimming this afternoon. 正 I like swimming very much, but I dont like to swim this afternoon. 析 like 作为喜欢讲时，可以接动名词也可以接不定式，但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。 但要注意的是like 与would连用时则一定要接不定式， 如： Would you like to go with me? 再有一点要注意的是，like 作为介词像讲时，只能用分词作其宾语。 误 Stop! Di

322、d you listen to a strange voice? 正 Stop! Did you hear a strange voice? 析 hear 的侧重点是听到、 听见什么，而 listen to 的侧重点为听的倾向， 如：listen! Do you hear someone calling help?这样的词还有 look 与 see。 它们的侧重点也不同，look 重于看的倾向，而 see 重于看见没看见。 误 Did you watch some film recently? 正 Did you see some film recently? 析 英语中 see 与 watc

323、h 各有不同的用处， see 用于看电影、 剧目， 而 watch用作看电视和看球赛。 误 Look. A beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling. 正 Look. A beautiful lamp hung from the ceiling. 析 hang 有两个含义， 挂，它的过去时与过去分词是 hung， hung; 绞刑，这时它是规则动词，其过去式与过去分词则为 hanged， hanged。 误 How long can I borrow this book? 正 How long can I keep this book? 析 借在英文中有三个

324、词， 借入， 即 borrow,如： May I borrow some books from the library? 借出，如：I can lend my bike to you. 借多久要用 keep, 因为初中英语语法之一-词法 第 102 页 共 129 页 borrow 与 lend 都是截止性动词， 而 keep 是延续性动词。 如 How long can I keep it? 误 We have won your class. 正 We have beaten your class. 析 win 是及物动词，其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖品、奖金。而 beat的宾语，应是人、

325、队、班级等等，如：We won the game. 误 I left my key. 正 I forgot my key. 正 I left my key at home. 析 leave 是丢下，其后一定要接地点状语，而 forget 其后不要接地点状语。 误 Oh! Its raining outside. Please bring the rain coat with you. 正 Oh! Its raining outside. Please take this rain coat with you. 析 bring 为带来如：Next time bring your little s

326、ister here.而 take 为带走，fetch 为去某处取什么回来，如：Please fetch some coffee for us 要熟记的是在初中课文中与take有关的词组， 如： take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 取下take off 脱下 takeout 拿出 take place 发生 take hold of 拿住 take part in 参加 take a seat 坐下 take ones place 替代 take a look 看看 take ones turn 轮流 take a message 捎信 take care

327、of 照看 take it easy 别着急 take ones time 慢慢来 take ones temperature 测量体温 误 The policeman reached his gun. 正 The policeman reached for his gun. 析 reach 作到达讲时是及物动词，如：I reached the hotel at 830 但作伸手去拿，则要用 reach for something。作为到达讲时还有 arrive (in+大地方)(at较小的地方)和 get to.要注意的是与 get 有关的词组有： get back 回来 get in 收割

328、 get into 进入 get off 下车 get on 上车 get out 出去 get up 起床 get to 到达 get ready for=be ready for get on well with 与人相处融洽 get 加比较级为变得如何，例如： get colder and colder. 误 This dictionary spent me five dollars. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 103 页 共 129 页 正 This dictionary cost me five dollars. 析 英文中的花费有 4 个 spend, cost, take 和

329、pay,其中 spend 与 pay 所在句中的主语应为人，如：I spent two hours in doing my homework. I paid five dallars for the book.而 cost 与 take 的主语则是事物，如：It takes me two years to finish this book. 误 In summer I always sleep with the windows opened. 正 In summer I always sleep with the windows open. 正 I always sleep with the

330、windows closed. 析 要注意 open 是动词也是形容词，而 close 则要用其过去分词作形容词。 误 Please wait a minute. Im having on my clothes. 正 Please wait a minute. Im putting on my clothes. 析 英语中的穿衣服要分状态，是什么样的穿着打扮，还是穿衣服的动作两类动词。表示穿着状态的词有 have on, wear,在用法上 have on 不宜用进行时态，它多用一般时态，如：She has on a new school dress. 而 wear 则多用进行时来表示状态，如

331、：She is wearing a new sweater.在表示动作的词中 put on 是常用的一词。dress 用作动词当穿衣讲时其后宾语不应接衣物， 而要接人， 如： My children were very young they couldnt dress themselves.在表示穿着状态时用其过去分词当形容词，如：He is dressed in white. 误 My computer cant begin. Could you find someone to help me? 正 My computer cant start. Could you find someone

332、 to help me? 析 begin 与 start 均可指开始， 而且常常可以互换， 如： School begins (starts) at 8 a. m. 但是在两种情况下不宜用 begin 而要用 start, 当作机器开动、 发动讲，如：My car cant start. There must be something wrong with it. 作为旅途开始讲，如：We should have to start early. There was a lot of traffic on the road. 误 Im very glad because I have found

333、ed my lost key. 正 Im very glad because I have found my lost key. 析 find 是不规则动词，它的过去式和过去分词是 found, found，而 found初中英语语法之一-词法 第 104 页 共 129 页 又是另外一词建立， 它是规则动词， 其过去式与过去分词是 founded founded, 如：The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 误 Please. Lets speak in English. 正 Please. Lets speak English.

334、 正 Please. Lets talk in English. 误 Can you speak it English? 正 Can you say it in English? 析 英文中说有 4 个常用词 say, tell, speak, talk.其中不及物动词有 speak和 talk，如：I want to talk with you.We are talking about the new film.而 speak 其后接语言时是及物动词，其他情况是不及物动词。say 与 tell 是及物动词，其中 tell 常用双宾语， 如： Tell us a story.但用于讲实话或谎话

335、时也用单宾语。 如： Tell the truth. 误 Can you say Japanese from Chinese? 正 Can you tell Japanese from Chinese? 析 tellfrom 为固定词组，即分辨两者的不同。 误 Excuse me, did I step on your foot? 正 Oh, sorry, did I step on your foot? 析 excuse me 用于未打扰对方前，以提醒对方注意的用语，而 sorry 则是由于自己已做的事向对方道歉。 误 Would you care for to swim with us?

336、正 Would you care to swim with us? 析 care for 后接不定式时，要省略 for,或换用名词，如：Would you care for a cup of tea. care for 作照顾讲时与 look after 相同。在初中阶段学习与 for 有关的词组有： ask for 请求 call for 接人，请人 care for 关心 go in for 从事 answer for 负责 look for 寻找 wait for 等待 send for 请人 pay for 付款 search for 寻找 leave for 去某地 prepare

337、for 准备 thank somebody for something 为某事向某人道谢。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 105 页 共 129 页 误 Are you understanding it? Yes, I got to it. 正 Do you understand it? Yes, I got it. 析 understand 这一词没有进行时态，如同感观动词 love、hate I got it 是美语，即 I understood it。要记住 get 作为到达讲时是不及物动词，如：Ill get to the school at 8 a. m. 初中范围常用与 to 有关的

338、动词词组如下： belong to 属于 come to 苏醒 point to (at) 指着 get to 到达 refer to 谈到 stick to 坚持 lead to 导致 turn to 翻到 look forward to 期望 agree to 同意 误 The meat has gone badly. 正 The meat has gone bad. 析 英语中 go, get, become, turn 作为转变时，其后接形容词，这时这些动词应被看作系动词。 误 The teacher said the earth moved around the sun. 正 The

339、 teacher said the earth moves around the sun. 析 如果主句的谓语动词是现在时，其宾语从句可以是任何时态。如果是过去时，则宾语从句中的时态应与之呼应。但地球围绕太阳转是不随时间而变化的客观事实，所以还应用一般现在时态来表达。 误 Ill come to see you as soon as Ill be back. 正 Ill come to see you as soon as I am back. 析 在状语从句中要用一般时来表示将来， 如： I should tell him when he came back. 误 I want to kno

340、w whether you come to my party tomorrow or not. 正 I want to know whether you will come to my party tomorrow or not. 析 在宾语从句中则要用将来时表示将来的动作。要注意的是如果宾语从句中仍有状语从句时，依然要用一般现在时表示将来，如：I want to know if it rains tomorrow youll come here or not. 误 What did you do at eight last night? 正 What were you doing at ei

341、ght last night? 析 在描述过去某一具体时刻的动作或从某时到某时一段时间内正在进行初中英语语法之一-词法 第 106 页 共 129 页 的动作要用过去进行时，如：I was washing clothes from eight till noon last Sunday 误 My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didnt go with them, because I have seen it before. 正 My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didnt go

342、with them because I had seen it before. 析 现在完成时与过去完成时的相同之处是其动作均开始于过去的某一点，它的差别在于该动作是截止到什么时候。如动作截止到现在用现在完成时；如动作截止到过去， 用过去完成时。 例如： Ive learnt English for three years.(到现在为止)又如： Before I went to college, I had learnt English for three years. (动作截止到上大学那时，即截止于过去) 误 Im feeling well now. 正 I feel well now.

343、析 瞬间动词有些无进行时态，它们是：表示思维状态的词：believe, feel, forget, imagine, know, mean, need, prefer, remember, understand, want 表示感情的动词：care, like, do like, love, mind, hate, fear 表示状态的词：belong, own 感观动词： feel, hear, see， smell, taste 误 When have you done this work? 正 When did you do this work? 析 when 提问的是一个时间点不可用于

344、完成时态的问句中。 误 This is our new English teacher. He has gone to many foreign countries. 正 This is our new English teacher. He has been to many foreign countries. 析 have gone to 是到某地去了，此人现在不在这里。have been to 是到过某地，现在此人在说话现场。 误 I have borrowed this book for two weeks. 正 I have kept this book for two weeks.

345、 析 截止性动词有完成时态，但不可和与表达一段时间的时间状语连用。如：When I got to the cinema the film had begun. 但要讲 When I got to the cinema 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 107 页 共 129 页 the film had be on for five minutes 这样的用法还有 buy, join, die, 如：I bought this book yesterday.我昨天买的这本书。 I have had this book for two days. 这本书我已买了两天了。 I joined the cl

346、ub two years ago.两年前我加入了这个俱乐部。 I have been in this club for two years. 我加入这个俱乐部已两年了。 My father died five years ago. 我父亲是 5 年前去世的。 My father has been dead for five years. 我父亲已去世 5 年了。 误 Have you understood the lessons? 正 Do you understand the lessons? 析 有些动词不易用完成时态， 它们是 understand, think, believe, kn

347、ow (知道) 误 It was said that the Second World War had broken out in 1939. 误 It was said that the Second World War was broken out in 1939. 析 在讲述过去的历史事件时， 总要用过去时而不要用完成时， 而且 happen, break out, take place 作为发生讲时均没有被动语态。 误 When I walked along the street. I happened to meet an old friend. 正 When I was walki

348、ng along the street I happened to meet an old friend. 析 在一个长动作发生或进行的过程中，某一突然事件发生，这时长动作应用进行时(现在进行时或过去进行时)，而突发性动作用一般时(一般现在时或一般过去时)，如：When my father is reading a newspaper the telephone rings. 误 Please buy a book for me. 正 Please buy me a book. 正 Please buy a book to me. 析 在接双宾语的动词后面的两个宾语，一个是直接宾语，一个是间接

349、宾语，如：Buy me a book 中 me 是间接宾语，而 a book 是直接宾语。如果将直接宾语前置，其后应加 to，如： Tell me a story. Tell a story to me. Give me a book. Give a book to me. 误 He was seen come into the book store. 正 He was seen to come into the book store. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 108 页 共 129 页 析 在主动语态中， 有时可以加不带 to 的不定式作宾语， 如： I saw him come int

350、o the book store.但如果变为被动语态时，则要将省略的 to 还原。当然这些动词还可以加动名词作宾语，如： I saw him coming into the book store, 如变为被动语态时，则没有变化。如：He was seen coming into the book store. 误 How nice the book is! Is it sold well? 正 How nice the book is! Does it sell well? 析 有些动词可以表示一种动作，但也可以用来表示某种性质，表示动作时可用被动语态，在表示性质时则不可用被动语态。如： Th

351、is book sells well. 这本书畅销。 This car drives easily. 这车容易驾驶。 These clothes wash easily. 这些衣服好洗。 在作上述表达时，不要用被动语态。而要讲： This kind of book was sold out. (这种书卖完了) These clothes were washed by the washing machine. 这时要用被动语态，因为它描述的是具体动作。 误 Must I do it now? No. you mustnt. 正 Must I do it now? No, you neednt.

352、析 need 用在疑问句和否定句中常用作情态动词，其后接不带 to 的不定式。由 must 提问的问句作答语时，如是肯定的要用 must,否定的要用 neednt，即为没有必要。在肯定句中常用作实意动词，如：I need to wait for my boy. 误 Is this book yours? Yes, Its. 正 Is this book yours? Yes, It is. 析 在肯定的回答中不要用缩写形式，而在否定的回答中可以用缩写形式，如：No. It isnt. 误 Ill have my bike repair tomorrow. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 109 页

353、 共 129 页 正 Ill have my bike repaired tomorrow. 析 have+人+动词原形或现在分词意为：让某人作某事，如：My father had me to learn how to drive， 或 My father had me doing my homework from morning till might have+物+动词的过去分词为某件事被别人完成。如：I have my hair cut.我去理发。而不是自己理发。如果讲我想自己作某事，则用 I want to repair my bike myself. 误 Ill get my brot

354、her repair the bike for you. 正 Ill get my brother to repair the bike for you. 析 have 与 get 的用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。相同之处，如：have something done, 也可用 get something done, 或 have (get) somebody doing something但不同之处在于 have somebody do something 在用 get 时则要用 get somebody to do something。 误 I have to study on Saturd

355、ay but I havent to study a full day 正 I have to study on Saturday， but I dont have to study a full day. 析 have to 不得不，而 dont have to 为其否定式。 误 Is Tom in the classroom? No. He mustnt be in the classroom, because I saw him talking with our teacher in the office just now. 正 Is Tom in the classroom? No.

356、He cant be in the classroom because I saw him talking with our teacher in the office just now. 析 must 加动词原形表达一种比较肯定的推测，而表示否定的推测则要用cant。 误 My grandpa is over eighty but he is able to read without glasses. 正 My grandpa is over eighty， but he can read without glasses. 析 can (could) 多用于表达客观的事实，主观能力，而 be

357、 able to 则多用于表达主观的意愿。 误 She doesnt answer the doorbell. She should be asleep. 正 She doesnt answer the doorbell. She must be asleep 析 should 用于现在时态的句子中应译为应该，如：You should do your 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 110 页 共 129 页 homework right away. 而 must 加动词原形表示一种推测。 误 Do you like to go with us? 正 Would you like to go wi

358、th us? 析 Do you like问的是习惯，如：Do you like swimming? 而 would you like是一次性的邀请。 误 I am used to get up early in the morning. 正 I am used to getting up early in the morning. 析 used to 共有三种用法， 表示过去的习惯，如：I used to live with my parents. 表示过去的习惯延续到现在， 如： I am used to swimming in the river. 用于被动语态，如： Oil is use

359、d to cook 误 To play with the children are very interesting. 正 To play with the children is very interesting. 析 不定式作主语时，应视为单数主语，特别是两个不定式用 and 作连词作主语时，如指的是一件事也应用单数谓语动词。如：To get up early and to go to sleep early is good for your health. 误 He asked me do my homework alone. 正 He asked me to do my homewor

360、k alone. 析 某些动词要求不定式作其宾语或宾语补足语，它们是：ask somebody to do something 要求某人做某事。 tell somebody to do something 告诉某人做某事 还有 prepare 准备， decide 决定， happen to 碰巧， seem 似乎。 误 he told me to drive a car. 正 He told me how to drive a car. 析 要学会疑问词加不定式的用法，特别要注意的是 what 是疑问代词，而how 是疑问副词。 如： I want to know what to do. (

361、我想知道干什么)。 I want to know how to do it. (我想知道如何去作)。 要注意的是 how to do it 中的 it 是不可少的，因 how 是疑问副词，不能作及物动词的宾语，而 what 是疑问代词，可做 do 的宾语，所以 what to do 后不要加 it。 误 I am very glad meeting you. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 111 页 共 129 页 正 I am very glad to meet you. 析 许多形容词后加不定式，这样用时形容词多是用来描述人物的感情、态度，如：glad, happy, pleased, lu

362、cky, sorry, sad, upset, ready, careful, surprised。 误 Im too glad for seeing you. 正 Im too glad to see you. 析 这句话不能按照 tooto 的句型翻译为：我太高兴了以至于不想见你。而应译为：见到你太高兴了。又如：She is too honest to tell the truth 应译为：她很诚实，不会不讲实话。 误 Tom is too young not to join the army. 正 Tom is too young to join the army. 析 这是 tooto

363、 的正常用法，太如何如何以至于不能如何。 误 I went to the hospital for seeing my old friend. He was ill in hospital. 正 I went to the hospital to see my old friend. He was ill in hospital. 析 在句中表示某动作的目的时，要用不定式而不能用 for 加动名词。 误 Could you help me to find a chair to sit. 正 Could you help me to find a chair to sit on. 析 当不定式作

364、后置定语时，将不定式放于名词之后。如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则其后面的介词不要省略。如：I sat on the chair. 这样的用法还有：I want to find a room to live in. I want to find a pen to write with. 误 When mother was about leaving the baby cried suddenly. 正 When mother was about to leave the baby cried suddenly. 析 be about to 是表达较近的即将发生的动作，可用来表示将来时，或按计

365、划、安排的事。 误 This work is difficult to be done. 正 This work is difficult to do. 析 在不定式作宾语时，下列情况常用主动语态表示被动。 句子的主语即是不定式动作的执行者， 如：I have a lot of letters to write. 句中的宾语是不定式中动作的执行者， 如： Could you find me a job to do? 在形容词之后的不定式，初中英语语法之一-词法 第 112 页 共 129 页 如：English is difficult to learn. 误 Would you like t

366、o see a film with us? Yes, Id love. 正 Would you like to see a film with us? Yes, Id love to. 析 在口语简答语中要将不定式符号保留，如： I had to (不得不作) Im going to (打算作) I used to (过去习惯作) Id love to (喜欢作) I hope to (希望作某事) Ill be glad to (高兴作) 误 Did you see someone to do this work for me? 正 Did you see someone do this w

367、ork for me? 析 在感观动词之后常接不带 to 的不定式。 这些词是 see, look at, watch, hear, listen to, feel, notice。 误 He was seen prepare this car. 正 He was seen to prepare this car. 析 在被动语态中要将主动语态句中省去的不定式还原回来。 误 Please Let my child to try it again. 正 Please Let my child try it again. 析 在 make, have, let 后加不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语

368、。 误 Why not to do it again? 正 Why not do it again? 析 Why not, youd better 后接不带 to 的不定式，如：Youd better go.但要注意的是它的否定式是 Youd better not go. 误 When he heard the news he couldnt help to cry. 正 When he heard the news he couldnt help crying. 析 cant help+现在分词表示情不自禁作某事。 误 In autumn, the street is always cove

369、red with falling leaves. 正 In autumn, the street is always covered with fallen leaves. 析 现在分词作定语有正在的含义，如：falling leave 正下落的叶子。而过去分词作定语 fallen leaves 是落地的叶子。过去分词含有已经完成的意思。 误 Do you hear someone sing in the office? 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 113 页 共 129 页 正 Do you hear someone singing in the office? 析 感观动词可用不带 to

370、的不定式来作宾语补足语，表达一个动作的全过程或已结束的动作，而用现在分词表示一个正在进行中的动作。 误 I want to shop some food for supper. 正 I want to buy some food for supper. 正 I want to go shopping. 析 shop 作买东西讲时，要用 go shopping,其后不要加所购买的东西。这样的用法还有： go boating 划船 go sailing 航海 go skating 滑冰 go shooting 射击 go dancing 去跳舞 go fishing 钓鱼 go swimming

371、去游泳 不要用错，也不要改为其他式，因为这是习惯用法。 误 When the teacher came into the classroom, the students stopped to talk. 正 When the teacher came into the classroom. the students stopped talking. 析 stop to do something 是停下来去做某事，而 stop doing something 则是停止做某事。 误 I didnt remember closing the door, so the thief came into

372、the room directly. 正 I didnt remember to close the door, so the thief came into the room directly. 析 remember后接不定式是记着去做某事， 即该动作并没有完成。 而remember 后接动名词则表明该动作已经作完了。 如： Do remember to turn off the light, before you leave. 即在你离开前记着去关灯。而关灯的动作并没有做。I remember meeting you somewhere. 我记得在某处见过你。而相见一事已经作完了。相同用法

373、还有forget。 误 When I finished to do this work I would go to play football. 正 When I finished doing this work I would go to play football. 析 在英语中有些动词后要接动名词作宾语。在初中范围主要有两个动词finish 和 enjoy, 千万不要与 like 相比。因为 like 作动词喜欢用时，其后接动名词表示习惯性动作，接不定式表示一次性特殊的动作，而 would you like 后面则一定要用不定式。 误 When he finished his homew

374、ork, he went on playing the football. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 114 页 共 129 页 正 When he finished his homework, he went on to play football. 析 go on to do something 是做完一件事紧跟着做另一件事。而 go on doing something 是在做一件事的过程中被打断后接着再继续做这件事。 误 Hes busy to prepare his lessons. 正 Hes busy preparing his lessons. 析 be busy 后加 do

375、ing 而不能接不定式。 (三) 例题解析 1 Mr Zhang asked me the words again. A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading 答案 C. 析 ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。 2 You play on the road. Its dangerous. A. mustnt B. may C. can D. must 答案 A. 析 must 用于否定句表示禁止做某事。 3 Mr Brown in Beijing since 1993. A. work B. works C. work

376、ed D. has worked 答案 D. 析 句中有 since 引导的时间状语，因此句中要用完成时态。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 115 页 共 129 页 4 I a letter when my mother came in. A. write B. am writing C. was writing D. will write 答案 C. 析 当母亲进来时是一个瞬时的动作，而写信是一个长动作，所以写信这个动作应用过去进行时态，表示在写信过程中发生的另一个短动作。 5 Its not an important party, you neednt . A. pay for it B.

377、 wear it out C. try it out D. dress up for it 答案 D. 析 pay for-为某物，某人付款，wear out-穿坏，磨破，tryout-选拔，挑选，而 dress up-梳妆打扮。 6 Can I a bike from him? A. lend B. return C. give D. borrow 答案 D. 析 borrow something from为向某人某处借某物。而 lend, return, give 后面的介词应用 to。 7 - Must I stay at home? - No, you . A. mustnt B. n

378、eednt C. may not 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 116 页 共 129 页 D. can not 答案 B. 析 neednt 为没有必要必须做某事，而 mustnt 为禁止做，can not 为不能做。根据题意是：你不一定待在家里。 8 - How long have you here? - About two months. A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived 答案 A. 析 have been here 是个状态，可以与后面的长时间状语连接，而其他三个动词都是瞬间动词。 9 Stamps by people for sending lett

379、ers. A. use B. using C. used D. are used 答案 D. 析 这里是被动语态，意为邮票被人们用来发信。 10 The radio says Tianjin will be tomorrow. A. rains B. rain C. rained D. rainy 答案 D. 析 rainy 为形容词作表语。 11 If you dont know this word, in the dictionary. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 117 页 共 129 页 A. look for it B. look at it C. look after it D.

380、look it up 答案 D. 析 look up 查字典，与 look 有关的词组有： look about 四周环视 look after 照顾 look around 周围，四处看 look at 看 look back 回顾 look for 寻找 look forward to 期待 look out 当心 look like 看上去像 12 My father told me play on the street. A. not B. to not C. not to D. did not 答案 C. 析 不定式的否定式是 not to do something. 13 Ther

381、e is going to an English party this evening. A. be B. has C. have D. is 答案 A. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 118 页 共 129 页 析 这里是 there be 无生命的有加助动词的句型，即 there will be,而没有there have 的句型。 14 There no bus stop here last year. A. is B. was C. are D. were 答案 B. 析 last year 为去年，所以用过去时。而 there be 句型的单复数要看 be 动词之后离之最近的名词是单数

382、还是复数。如：There is a pen and two pencils on the desk. 15 Our school will hold a sports meeting if it tomorrow. A. isnt rain B. rains C. wont rain D. doesnt rain 答案 D. 析 在状语从句中应用一般时态来表示将来。 16 Bikes mustnt everywhere. A. be put B. be putted C. put D. putting 答案 A. 析 这里是被动语态。与 put 有关的词组如下： put away 放好 put

383、 off 推迟 put on 穿上 put out 扑灭 put down 放下 17 Neither Li Lei nor Han Meimei Harbin. A. have been to 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 119 页 共 129 页 B. has been to C. have gone to D. has gone to 答案 B. 析 has been to 是去过某处。 18 Its cold today youd better more coats. A. put on B. take off C. to put on D. to take off 答案 A. 析 d

384、 better 其后加不带 to 的不定式，而 put on 为穿上。 19 Henry a birthday card for Sam yesterday. A. has bought B. buys C. bought D. will buy 答案 C. 析 因句中的 yesterday 为表达过去的时间状语，所以应用过去时态。 20 When I got to the factory, the workers about the filim. A. are talking B. talked C. were talking D. have talked 答案 C. 析 状语从句中所用的动

385、词为过去时，则主句中也要与之呼应。而工人们在谈论电影为一长时间的动作，所以要用过去进行时。 21 No hurry, please your time. 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 120 页 共 129 页 A. take B. bring C. carry D. catch 答案 A. 析 take ones time 慢慢来别着急。 22 I enjoy the light music. A. to listen to B. listening to C. hearing D. to hear 答案 B. 析 enjoy 与 finish 其后只能接动名词作宾语补足语。 23 Pleas

386、e as soon as you get there. A. ring me up B. ring up me C. wake me up D. wake up me 答案 A. 析 ring up 打电话，而 wake up 唤醒。英文中有很多动词词组如其宾语是代词时，一定要放在动词与介词之间。 24 When I , I want to be a teacher. A. grows up B. grow up C. shall grow D. grew up 答案 B. 析 grow up 长大。而状语从句要用现在时表示将来，即使主句也用的是一初中英语语法之一-词法 第 121 页 共 1

387、29 页 般现在时，但它含有将来之意。 25 I called him and he to have a talk with me. A. stop B. stops C. stoped D. stopped 答案 D. 析 这是由 and 连接的两个并列句，所以时态应保持一致。 26 - Would you please me an evaser, Lucy? - Certainly. Here you are. A. borrow B. lend C. borrowed D. lent 答案 B. 析 would you please 其后接不带 to 的不定式即动词原形，而 borrow

388、 为借入而 lend 为借出。 27 Trees in spring. A. plant B. were planted C. should be planted D. should plant 答案 C. 析 should 用于一般现在时态中表示应该，而此句又是被动语态。 28 - Wheres your father? - He to Paris. A. go B. goes 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 122 页 共 129 页 C. went D. has gone 答案 D. 析 has gone 是已去某处了，不在这里了。所以强调过去的动作影响到现在。 29 - Must I fi

389、nish my homework in class now? - No, you . You can do it at home. A. mustnt B. may not C. neednt D. can 答案 C. 析 neednt 表示没有必要一定要这样做。由 must 提问，肯定句用 must，否定句用 neednt. 30 Thank you very much for your book me. A. lending, to B. lent, to C. borrow, from D. borrowing,from 答案 A. 析 for 是介词，要用动名词作介词宾语。 31 Th

390、e Great Green Wall will stop the wind from the earth away. A. blowing B. blow C. blows D. to blow 答案 A. 析 stopfrom doing something. 阻止某人或某物作某事。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 123 页 共 129 页 32 The students will go to the West Hill Farm by bike, if it fine tomorrow. A. will be B. is C. shall be D. was 答案 B. 33 Our tea

391、cher always tells us in the street. Its too dangerous. A. dont play B. not to play C. to play D. not play 答案 B. 析 不定式的否定式为 not to do。 34 English is a useful language. It widely in the world. A. is spoken B. was spoken C. can speak D. will speak 答案 A. 析 本句为被动语态。 35 The kite is flying high in the sky.

392、 It a bird. A. looks at B. looks like C. looks for D. looks after 答案 B. 析 look like 像，其中 like 为介词。 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 124 页 共 129 页 36 - Look! Whats Wang Ping doing over there? - She under a big tree. A. sings B. sang C. has sung D. is singing 答案 D. 37 You see a doctor. Youve got a bad cold. A. will B. a

393、re going to C. had better D. could 答案 C. 析 had better 最好，意为一种真心的劝告。 38 Your radio is too loud. Would you please ? A. turn down it B. turn it down C. to turn down it D. to turn it down 答案 B. 析 would you please 后面加动词原形。 39 Could you tell me if it tomorrow? A. rains B. is raining C. will rain D. rain 答

394、案 C. 析 if 从句是宾语从句，而不是状语从句。所以还是要用将来时，而不能用初中英语语法之一-词法 第 125 页 共 129 页 一般现在时表示将来。 40 Suddenly one of the bags the truck and landed in the middle of the road. A. fell out B. fell down C. fell off D. will be 答案 C. 析 fall off 掉落， 与 off 有关的词组有 see off 送行 give off 散发 shut off 关闭 kick off 踢掉 turn off 关闭 get

395、off 下车 jump off 跳下 show of 炫耀 take off 脱下 pay off 付清 41 He at this school since two years ago. A. was B. has been C. is D. will be 答案 B. 析 since 引导的时间状语应与完成时相呼应。 42 She doesnt know . A. when to do B. what to do C. how to do D. where to do 答案 B. 析 when, how, where 均为疑问副词，而 what 为疑问代词，又因 do 是及物动词需要宾语。

396、如用疑问副词时应为 when to do it, how to do it, where to do it. 43 Must older people to politely. A. speak 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 126 页 共 129 页 B. spoken C. be spoke D. be spoken 答案 D. 析 这句话的主动语态应为 People must speak politely to older people 对年龄较大的人讲话应有礼貌。 44 Teachers usually ask their students loudly in class. A. to

397、speak B. speak C. speaks D. spoke 答案 A. 析 ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。 45 - Where is Mr Zhang? - Look! He on a big machine over there. A. works B. worked C. is working D. has worked 答案 C. 析 由 look, liston 等词开始的句子一般要用现在进行时态。 46 Theres a football match. Please the TV at once. Lets watch toget

398、her. A. turn on B. take off C. turn off D. go on 答案 A. 析 turn on 打开。 与 turn 有关的词组有： turn against 背叛 turn on 打开 turn 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 127 页 共 129 页 +颜色 变为某种颜色 turn off 关闭 turn over 翻转 turn to 翻到某页 turn into 变为 turn up 向上翻 47 Please tell me where have our picnic tomorrow. A. we will B. will we C. will D.

399、 will you 答案 A. 析 where 引导的从句是宾语从句，而不是状语从句。 48 We English for three years already. And we can speak a little English now. A. learn B. have learned C. has learned D. will learn 答案 B. 析 for+表示一段长度的时间词，应与完成时相呼应。 49 At last, Lin Feng made the baby and begin to laugh. A. stop to cry B. stop crying C. to

400、stop to cry D. to stop crying 答案 B. 析 make somebody do (or doing) something, stop doing 意为停止做某事。 50 Our classroom must clean every day. A. keep B. to keep C. be kept 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 128 页 共 129 页 D. to be kept 答案 C. 析 应为被动语态。 51 I hear there a sports meeting in our school next week. A. is going to hav

401、e B. will have C. is going to be D. are going to be 答案 C. 析 这是 hear 的宾语从句是 there be 句型。而且是用了 be going to 形式。 52 Its getting colder, Peter. Youd better this coat with you. A. bring B. carry C. take D. get 答案 C. 析 bring 带来，take 带走。 53 Our classroom is clean and tidy. It every day. A. cleans B. is clea

402、ning C. cleaned D. is cleaned 答案 D. 析 这里表达的是经常的一种状态，所以应用一般现在时的被动语态。 54 If you are not careful in the street, a car may you. A. hurt B. hit C. run 初中英语语法之一-词法 第 129 页 共 129 页 D. catch 答案 B. 析 hit 撞上，碰上，击中 55 The farmers were busy ready for the next year. A. got B. getting C. to get D. get 答案 B. 析 be busy 后应用动词的 ing 形式。