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1、本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Electronic Commerce文献、资料来源：网络文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2010.3.25院 （部）： 专 业： 班 级： 姓 名： 学 号：指导教师： 翻译日期： - 1 -外文文献：外文文献： Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and
2、 play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conduct
3、ed on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet,
4、 ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by
5、these characters: fairness and freedom, high efficiency, globalization, virtualization, interactivity, autonomy, personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory supplie
6、rs from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government enc
7、ouragement to use Internet - 2 -(exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of
8、electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an
9、encryptive key for common use by the both parties, period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party h
10、as not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows*Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outsid
11、e enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets
12、in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence, on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol f
13、or data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.- 3 -*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and post
14、age to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select wha
15、t they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact with consumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government
16、 purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of peoples daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate l
