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1、第一部分第一部分 光伏系统各部件介绍光伏系统各部件介绍前言前言 独立光伏系统的构成主要包括：光伏组件（阵列） 、蓄电池、逆变器、控 制器。见下图。下而我们分别加以讨论。图 光伏系统方框图光伏组件（阵列）光伏组件（阵列）一个光伏阵列包含两个或两个以上的光伏组件，具体需要多少个组件及如何连 接组件与所需电压（电流）及各个组件的参数有关。 光伏组件是由太阳能电池片群密封而成，是阵列的最小可换单元。目前大 多数太阳能电池片是单晶或多晶硅电池。这些电池正面用退水玻璃背面用软的 东西封装。它就是光伏系统中把辐射能转换成电能的部件。按照太阳电池的用途，目的、规模、太阳能电池的种类等有各种形状的 太阳能电池组
2、件，下面就几种典型的例子进行介绍。 （一）（一） 用于电子产品的组件用于电子产品的组件为驱动计算器手表，收音机、电视、充电器等电子产品，一般需一般需 1.5V1.5V 至数十伏的电压。至数十伏的电压。而单个太阳电池产生的电压小于 1V，所以要驱动这些电子产 品，必须使多个太阳电池元件串联连接才能达到要求电压。下图示出了民用晶体太阳组件的结构，是把太阳电池元件排列好，串联 连接做成组件。可见，为驱动电子装置，需要一定的高压，而该组装方法存在 问题是成本高，接线点太多；从可靠性的观点来看接线点太多是不利的。太阳电池板控制器逆变器负载蓄电池图 民用晶体硅太阳电池组件的结构另一种是非晶硅太阳电池。因为
3、非晶硅是靠气体反应形成的，很容易形 成薄膜，在一块衬底上便于使多个单元电池串联连接而获得；较高的电压输出。（二）用于电力的组件（二）用于电力的组件电力用的太阳电池一般均安装在调用外，所以除太阳电池本身以外，还 必须采用能经受雨、风、砂尘和温度变化甚至冰雹袭击等的框架、支撑板和密 封树脂等进行完好的保护，现正研究各种电力用的太阳电池组件的结构。 如图 8.6 中（a）所示的是衬片式结构，是在太阳电池的背后放一块衬片作为组 件的支撑板，其上用透明树脂将整个太阳电池封住。支撑板采用纤维钢化塑料 （FRP）等。图各种结构晶硅太阳电池电力用组件的结构目前最常用的是上图所示的超光面式结构，在太阳电池的受光
4、面放一块 透明基板作组件的支撑板，其下用填充材料和背面被覆盖材料将太阳电池密封。 上面的透明板用玻璃，最好采用透明度和耐冲击强度均好的钢化白玻璃。填充 材料主要采用在紫外光照射时透过率衰减较小的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛（PVB）和耐湿 性良好的乙烯乙酸乙烯（EVA） 。反面涂层多采用金属铝同聚氟乙烯（PVF）夹心 状结构，使其具有耐湿性和高绝缘性。此外，对可靠性要求特别高的应用，开发了一种新的封装方式，如下图 （c） ，即在两块玻璃板之间用树脂把太阳电池封入。随着非晶硅太阳电池的发展，也在研究采用同晶体硅太阳电池一样的超光 面封装方式，如下图所示，把集成型太阳电池衬底玻璃直接用作受光面的保护 板，各单元
5、电池的连 接也不用导线，所以能使组件的组装工艺变得特别简单。此外，图（b）所示的 组件类型也在研究之中。今后如更大面积太阳电池的研制取得进展的话，一般One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea. Then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the wa
6、ter. During that time she covered a distance of eight miles. Early next morning, she saw a light ahead. She knew she was near the shore because the light was high up on the cliffs. On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen. That was all she remembered.
7、When she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital. Lesson34 Quick work 破案“神速” Ted Robinson has been worried all the week. Last Tuesday he received a letter from the local police. In the letter he was asked to call at the station. Ted wondered why he was wanted by the police, but he went to
8、 the station yesterday and now he is not worried any more. At the station, he was told by a smiling policeman that his bicycle had been found. Five days ago, the policeman told him, the bicycle was picked up in a small village four hundred miles away. It is now being sent to his home by train. Ted w
9、as most surprised when he heard the news. He was amused too, because he never expected the bicycle to be found. It was stolen twenty years ago when Ted was a boy of fifteen ! Lesson35 Stop thief! 捉贼！ Rov Trenton used to drive a taxi. A short while ago, however, he became a bus-driver and he was not
10、regretted it. He is finding his new work far more exciting. When he was driving along Catford Street recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car. One of them was carrying a bag full of money. Roy acted quickly and drove the bus straight at the thieves. The one with
11、the money got such a fright that he dropped the bag. As the thieves were trying to get away in their car, Roy drove his bus into the back of it. While the battered car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police. The thieves car was badly damaged and easy to recognize. Shortly aft
12、erwards, the police stopped the car and both men were arrested. Lesson36 Across the Channel 横渡海峡 Erna Hart is going to swim across the English Channel tomorrow. She is going to set out from the French coast at five oclock in the morning. Erna is only fourteen years old and she hopes lo set up a new
13、world record. She is a strong swimmer and many people feel that she is sure to succeed. Ernas father will set out with her in a small boat. Mr Hart has trained his daughter for years. Tomorrow he will be watching her anxiously as she swims the long distance to England. Erna intends to take short res
14、ts every two hours. She will have something to drink but she will not eat any solid food. Most of Ernas school friends will be waiting for her on the English coast. Among them will be Ernas mother, who swam the Channel herself when she was a girl. Lesson37 The Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会 The Olympic Games
15、 will be held in our country in four years time. As a great many people will be visiting the country, the government will be building new hotels, an immense stadium, and a fine new swimming pool. They will also be building new roads and a special railway-line. The Games will be held just outside the
16、 capital and the whole area will be called Olympic City. Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year. By the end of next year, they will have finished work on the new stadium. The fine modern buildings have been designed by Kurt Gunter. Everybody will be watching anxiously as the new buildings go up. We are all very excited and are looking forward to the Olympic Games because they have never been held before in this country. Less
