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1、1定语从句一直是高考的热点和焦点，考点主要集中在以下几个方面：定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选择；非限制性定语从句中 as 和 which 的选择；以抽象地点、抽象时间名词作先行词的定语从句中关系词的使用；定语从句和强调结构的综合考查。一、定语从句的基本概念一、定语从句的基本概念定语从句中繁多的术语、复杂的关系一直困扰着很多学生，考试时也常为此出错。因此我们首先要理解定语从句的三个基本概念及它们之间的关系。定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，它实际上起了形容词的作用。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有
2、关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 when, where，why 等。由示例可知，关系代(副)词是定语从句的连接枢纽，在定语从句中起了三层作用：引导定语从句，替代先行词，在从句中作成分。因此我们可以得出：关系代词代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语等；关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中作状语。关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作什么成分是判断该用关系代词还是关系副词的依据。因此把先行词正确还原到定语从句中是做定语从句题很重要的一个技巧。专题十 正面解读二、关系代词、关系副词一览表二、关系代词、关系副词一览表2关系词先行词从句成分
3、例句备注who人主语、宾语whom 人宾语关系代词 whose 人，物定语Do you know the man who/ that is talking with your mother？Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working. The boy (whom/who/ that) she loved died in the war.I like those books whose topics are about history. who, whom, which和 that 在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，
4、也不能用 that 或 who，应构成“介词whom/which”引导定语从句。关系词先行词 从句成分例句备注that人、物 主语、宾语关系代词which物，句子主语、宾语A plane is a machine that/ which can fly. Tomorrow I will bring here the magazine for which you asked. He was late again, which made his teacher angry. which 可以指代整个主句引导非限制性定语从句，放在主句的后面。which 意为“这一点，这”。关系词先行词从句成分例句备
5、注3关系代词as人、物、句子主语、宾语、表语As you pointed out, I made a mistake. He is such a person as is respected by all of us. as 引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句的内容，放在句首、句中、句末均可。as 意为 “正如，就像”。名词前有 such 和the same 修饰时，关系代词用 as。注意：注意：that 和和 which 的用法区别的用法区别1 只用 which 不用 that 的情况(1)在非限制性定语从句中，which 既可代表先行词又可代表前面的一整句话，译成“这一点，这一件事”。(
6、2) 在介词后面。(3) 先行词是代词 that 或 those 时。2 只用 that 不用 which 的情况(1)当先行词是 all, everything, anything, nothing, much, none 等不定代词时，只用that。(2) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，只用 that。(3) 如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用 that。(4) 先行词被 the only, the last, the way 等修饰时用 that。(5) 在疑问词 who, which, what 开头的特殊疑问句中，为了避免重复只用 that。三、三、
7、 “介词介词 关系代词关系代词”引导的定语从句引导的定语从句作介词宾语的关系代词一般是 which 和 whom， “介词which/whom”既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。常见的有以下几种结构：1 介词 关系代词Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. 4Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice. 曼德拉是我寻求建议的一位黑人律师。2 名词/代词/数词介词关系代词Last Sunday I bought some books fro
8、m the bookstore, three of which were English novels. Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels. 上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中三本是英文小说。3 形容词最高级 介词 关系代词China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定
9、语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，去掉了不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。如：People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人活得更长些。(限制性定语从句，若把从句去掉句子的意思就不完整。)His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.他女儿现在在波士顿，(她)下
10、星期回来。(非限制性定语从句，若把从句去掉句子意义仍然完整。)五、必须注意的几个问题五、必须注意的几个问题1 定语从句与状语从句、同位语从句及强调句的辨析比较例句区别5与 where 引导的地点状语从句的区别Years later, he went to New York, where/in which he made great success.The tree should be planted where there is plenty of rain.where 引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词，在从句中作状语，where 可以转化为“介词 which”。 句中 where 引导的从句前无
11、先行词，因此引导的是地点状语从句，where 本身在从句中作状语，不能转化为“介词关系代词”。 比较例句区别与同位语从句的区别This is the suggestion(that) he put forward. He gave me a suggestion that we should start at 5 oclock. that 引导的是定语从句，that 代替先行词在从句中充当宾语。同位语从句中连接词that 在从句中无意义，不作成分但不可省略。与强调句的区别It was last night that I saw the accident.It was a time when t
12、here were still slaves.判断强调句的方法是把 it is/ was 和 that (who) 去掉，如果句子仍然完整，则是强调句。(句去掉 it wasthat 成为 I saw the accident last night.) 2.“使用 where 而非真实地点”型定语从句定语从句的先行词是 situation, case, point, scene 等名词而且从句缺少状语时，要使用 where 表示“一种特定的情况”或“一个特定的场合”。如：I have come to the point where I cant stand him. 我已经到了无法容忍他的程度
13、。Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 6他发现他到了有可能会失去控制飞机的地步。1 关系代词的误用及漏用(1)【误】 Ive read all the books which you lent me. 【正】 Ive read all the books that you lent me. 【解析】 定语从句的先行词被 all，some，any，no，few 等修饰时，关系代词用that。(2) 【误】 The student is stand
14、ing there is our monitor. 【正】 The student (who/that is) standing there is our monitor. 【解析】 定语从句中关系代词作主语时不能省略；此处也可把定语从句改为现在分词作定语。(3) 【误】 Dinner starts with a small dish，that is often called a starter. 【正】 Dinner starts with a small dish，which is often called a starter. 【解析】 用 which 引导非限制性定语从句，而不用 th
15、at 引导。(4)【误】 He lives in the room，the window of that faces the south. 【正】 He lives in the room，the window of which faces the south. 【解析】 “介词关系代词”中的关系代词用 which 不用 that。(5) 【误】 The man with who I worked has left. 【正】 The man with whom I worked has left. 【解析】 “介词whom”引导定语从句。2.定语从句主谓不一致 【误】 This is one
16、of the rooms that is free now. 【正】 This is one of the rooms that are free now. 【解析】 在 one of结构中，先行词为 of 后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语用复7数。先行词是 the only/very one of复数名词时，从句谓语用单数。3 关系词与被替换词重复【误】 This is the jacket which I bought it last month. 【正】 This is the jacket which I bought last month. 【解析】 which 在从句中作宾语，it 多余。4 介词的误用【误】 The computer to which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. 【正】 The computer for which I paid 4,000 yuan i
