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1、17 语法之七语法之七五大句型结构五大句型结构 1. S+Vi The cat died. 2. S+Vt+O. She killed many wolves 3.S+Vt+Oi+Od I give her a model car. 4. s+Vt+O+C I name the dog Xixi. The dog is named Xixi. I keep a dog named Xixi. 5. S+Vlink+C Mr. Fish remains young.双宾与宾补的区别双宾与宾补的区别 双宾和宾补的区别: S（主）+V(谓)+IO（间宾）+DO（直宾）与S+V+O（宾) +OC(宾补
2、)两者在形式上虽然有些相似，但如果掌握正 确的方法，就很容易区分了，例如： 1.He gave me a book 他给我一本书 2.He calls me Tom 他叫我汤姆 第2句中的宾语me（我）和宾语补足与Tom（汤姆）， 可以形成逻辑上的主谓关系，即“我是汤姆”，但第1句不 可以，间接宾语me和直接宾语a book不存在逻辑上的主 谓关系，即不能想象为“我是一本书” Vt+ C: Call, name, make elect, appoint, consider, designate5. S+Vlink+C Mr. Fish remains young. Vlink: 1.表存在:
3、be, remain, keep, lie. stay 2. 表变化 become, come, go turn, get, grow, last ,weigh 3. 表感观 seem look appear, sound, smell, taste, feel E.g. it feels good.定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句和同位语从句的区别 定语从句和同位语从句的区别:( 参见语法讲义- 三 种从句P7) It is a fact that you cant deny. It is a fact that she has done her best.it 作形式主语作形式主语, 形
4、式宾语的用法形式宾语的用法 it 作形式主语作形式主语 1. 他犯了那样一个错误真是遗憾。 That he made such a mistake is a pity . It is a pity that he made such a mistake. 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子 中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻， 因此常用it 作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it 只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。 It 作形式主语的常见句型：作形式主语的常见句型： It + be + 形容词 + to do sth. / doing / that . e
5、.g. It is very important to learn a foreign language. (学一门外语非常重要。) It is useless crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。) It was really surprising that she married a man like that. (她嫁给那样的男士真让人惊讶。) It + be +名词词组 + doing / that . e.g. It is no good telling lies. (撒谎没好处。) It is a pity that you didnt go to
6、see the film yesterday. (你昨天没看成那部电影真遗憾。) It is a truth that there would be no new China without the Communist Party. (没有共产党就没有新中国，这是毋庸质疑的。) It + be + 过去分词 + that . 该句型常见动词有：say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc. e.g. It is said that they have invented a new type of co
7、mputer. (据说他们发明了一种新型电脑。) It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world. (大家都相信中国将会步入世界强国之列。) It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami. (据报道，至少有十七万人在2004年那场海啸中丧生。) It + seems / appears / happens等不及物动词 + that . e.g. It seems that h
8、e enjoys pop songs very much. (似乎他非常喜欢流行歌曲。) It appears that Tom might change his mind. (看来汤姆可能会改变主意。) 若句子是疑问形式，就只能用it作形式主语。 e.g. Does it matter much that they wont come tomorrow? (他们明天不来很重要吗？) Is it true that he will go abroad next week? (他下周出国是真的吗？) It + takes + (sb.) + some time + to do sth. 这是一个
9、表示“（某人）花多少时间干某事”的句型，其 中it是形式主语，代替后面的不定式（to do sth.），句型 中的sb.也可以省略。 e.g. It took me some time to read the reading materials. (我花了一些时间才读完那段阅读材料。) It took him fourteen hours to go to New Zealand from 2Shanghai by plane. (从上海乘飞机去新西兰花了他14小时。) How long does it take you to go to Beijing from Qingdao by tra
10、in? (从青岛坐火车到北京一般要花多久时间？) I am not sure, but I think it takes at least nine hours to get there. (我不能肯定，但估计至少要九个钟头才能到那儿。)it 作形式宾语作形式宾语 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子 中作宾语时，为保持句子结构平衡，避免句式结构的混 乱，常用it 作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此 时it 仍只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。 (1) make /find/ feel / consider / think it + adj / n + that / to do (
11、2) it 指代后面从句所叙述的内容， 常用于 这些动词后， like/dislike/love/hate /appreciate/make+it 后常跟if 或when 从句 I hate it when people laugh at the old (3) depend on it that. 1. I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. A. this B. that C. it D. one 2.You may depend on _ that you parents will help you whe
12、never you need it. A.them B. yourself C. it D. me 答案：CC 下列四种情况须用下列四种情况须用it 作形式宾语：作形式宾语： 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在复合宾 语结构（宾语带补语）中作某些动词的宾语时（如think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose等）； e.g. They found it pleasant that they worked with us Chinese. （他们发现与我们中国人一起工作很愉快。） I dont feel it difficult to understan
13、d the Special English. （我觉得理解英语特别节目并不难。） He makes it a rule never to borrow money. （他立志决不向别人借钱。） I think it no need talking about it with them. （我认为没必要跟他们谈。） 某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的动词，如like, enjoy, love, hate等，往往不能直接接宾语从句； e.g. I dont like it that hes so lazy. （我不喜欢他那么懒惰。） I hate it when my mother asks me to
14、 eat eggs. （我讨厌母亲要我吃鸡蛋。） that 引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语； e.g. You may depend on it that we shall always help you. （尽管放心，我们会随时帮你的。） Would you see to it that she gets home early? （你负责保证她早到家，好吗？） He insisted on it that he was innocent. （他坚持说自己是无辜的。） 由及物动词与介词组成的固定搭配中，宾语从句若 作该动词的宾语时，须借用it 。 e.g. I leave it to yo
15、ur own judgement whether you should do it. （我让你自己判断这事是否该做。） We owe it to you that there wasnt a serious accident. （多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。） 英语倍数最大的特点是：先说“倍数”，再说“是谁的”， “比谁的”等。概括起来，英语倍数表示主要就三种 句式。 语倍数句型及其译法语倍数句型及其译法 英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型、（12） 等，见圈码）很容易译错其主要原因在于：英汉两 语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将 常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下： 1倍数增加 （1）A is n times as great（long，much，）as B.（） A is n times greater （longer， more，）than B.（） A is n times the size （length， amount，）of B.() 以上三句都应译为；A的大小（长度，数量，）是B 的n倍或A比日大（长，多，）n-1倍. 例如： This book is three times a
