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1、2014 届牛津高三英语二轮复习语法专题届牛津高三英语二轮复习语法专题 专题专题 1 定语从句定语从句一语法概念巧掌握：一语法概念巧掌握：（一）概（一）概念念在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，用作定语的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that 和关系副词 when、where、why 等。如：Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.最后，那个小偷向警察交出他偷的所有的东西。 （引导
2、词是关系代词 that）His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone whose family was poor.他父母不让他和家庭困难的人结婚。 （引导词是关系代词 whose）In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在那个黑暗的街道上，没有她可以求助的人。 （引导词是关系代词 whom）In 1519 another traveller who went to America from Europe discovered the tom
3、ato. 1519年另一位从欧洲去美洲的旅行家发现了西红柿。 （引导词是关系代词 who）I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得第一次去北京的那一天。 （引导词是关系副词 when）This is the house where we lived last year. 这就是我们去年住的房子。 （引导词是关系副词 where）（二）关系代词和关系副词的功能二）关系代词和关系副词的功能关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系
4、代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。（1）作主语）作主语关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词一致。All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。 （引导词 that 在句中作主语）A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。 （引导词 that 在句中作主语）The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada.昨天到我班来访的外国人来自加拿大。 （引导词 who 在句中作主语）They plant
5、ed the trees which didnt need much water. 他们种植了需水不多的树木。 （引导词which 在句中作主语）（2）作宾语）作宾语在定语从句里作宾语的关系代词在口语中常被省去The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面条美味可口。 （引导词 that，可省略）The fish (which) we bought wes not fresh. 我们买的鱼不新鲜。 （引导词 which，可省略）The person to (whom) you just talked is Mr.Li. 刚才你与其交谈的人是李先
6、生。 （引导词whom，不可省略）（3）作定语）作定语关系代词 whose 在定语从句中作定语用。Miss Brown is the teacher whose house caught fire last night.布朗小姐就是昨晚房子着火的那位老师。This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 这就是那个男孩，他母亲是我们的语文老师。注意：关系代词 whose 在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语时，可以跟介词放在主语和从句之间。The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called a
7、t the hospital. 老板到医院拜访了康先生，康先生在他的公司里工作。（4）作状语）作状语关系副词 where, when 和 why 在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我将永远不会忘记我们在农场工作的那段日子。The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 他父亲工作的那个工厂在城市的西部。This is the reason why he came late. 这就是他来晚的理由。（
8、三）关系代词的用法（三）关系代词的用法英语中的关系代词有 who，whom，whose，which，that 和 as。它们的用法如下：（1）who，whom 的用法的用法who 和 whom 指人，who 在定语从句中作主语；whom 在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用 who 代替 whom。In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，买到西红柿的人常常会生气。(作主语)The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball. 你应该
9、给他写信的人是波尔先生。(whom作宾语能省略)His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很爱你的母亲，她于 1818 年去世了。（whom 引导非限制性定语从句，作宾语但不能省略）（2）whose 的用法的用法whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用 of which 取代。I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有个朋友，他父亲是市长。We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我们住在窗口朝南的房子里。（3）which 的用法的
10、用法which 指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。Today, fruit trees which once grew only in China can now be found in many parts of the world. 今天，那些曾经只在中国生长的果树能够在世界上许多地方看到了。 （作主语，不能省略）They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice.他们需要一种不像水稻那样需要水的作物。 （作主语，不能省略）It is used to record the tickets (
11、which) passengers buy.它用来记录乘客所购买的车票。(作宾语，可以省略)He came late, which we all know. 我们都知道，他来晚了。 （作宾语，在非限制性定语从句中不省略）（4）that 的用法的用法that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物时其用法和 which 大致相同，但也有区别。All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力。（that 指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略）This is all (that) I can te
12、ll you. 这是我能告诉你的全部情况。 （that 指物，在从句中作宾语，常省略）This is the best play that was written by Jack. 这是杰克写的最好的一个剧本。 （that 指物，在从句中作主语，不能省略）She is the only person(that) I can trust. 她是我唯一可以依赖的人。 （that 指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略）（5）关系代词）关系代词 that 和和 which 的区别的区别a.相同点相同点这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。The train t
13、hat ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语)The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略)b.用用 that，不用，不用 which 的情况的情况当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时。all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little 等不定代词时（something 之后也可用which） 。To get the job started, all that I
14、 need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗?He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。The first thing that should be
15、done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。当先行词有 the very，the only，the same 等修饰时。Thats the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原话。当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他们在谈论在工厂里看到的人和事。They talked for
16、about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 他们聊起他们所能记得起的学校里的人和事来，聊了约半个钟头。当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。China is not the country that it was.中国已经不是过去的中国了。当要避免与疑问词 which 重复时。Which is the car that was made in Beijing?哪辆车是北京制造的?当先行词为 the way, the time, the period 等时，关系代词常用 that，但通常被省略。I dont like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜欢你对她说话的方式。c. 用用 which，不用，不用 that 的情况的情况引导非限制性定语从句。Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世
