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1、THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WILD FOOD IN WALES AND DEERING, ALASKAbyJames S. Magdanz, Charles J. Utermohle, and Robert J. WolfeTechnical Paper 259Division of Subsistence Alaska Department of Fish and Game Juneau, AlaskaFunded by Western Arctic National Parklands National Park Service Kotzebue
2、, AlaskaThrough the University of Washington Cooperative Park Studies UnitOctober 2002The study was funded primarily by the National Park Services Western Arctic National Park Lands through the University of Washington Cooperative Park Studies Unit (WSU #535391). Surveys were conducted under Coopera
3、tive Agreements with Kawerak, Inc, an Alaska Native non-profit corporation based in Nome whose board members represent the tribal governments of Wales and other Bering Straits Region villages, and the Deering IRA Council, a tribal government representing the Village of Deering.The Alaska Department
4、of Fish and Game administers all programs and activities free fromdiscrimination based on race, color, national origin, age, sex, religion, marital status, preg-nancy, parenthood, or disability. The department administers all programs and activities incompliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act
5、 of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Actof 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of1975, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility,or if you desi
6、re further information please write to ADF U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4040 N. Fairfield Drive, Suite 300, Arlington,VA 22203; or O.E.O., U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington DC 20240.For information on alternative formats for this and other department publications, pleasecontact the depa
7、rtment ADA Coordinator at (voice) 907-465-4120, (TDD) 907-465-3646,or (FAX) 907-465-2440.James S. Magdanz Divison of Subsistence Alaska Department of Fish and Game PO Box 689 Kotzebue, AK 99752-0689 james_magdanzfishgame.state.ak.usCharles J. Utermohle Alaska Department of Health and Social Services
8、 PO Box 240249 Anchorage, Alaska 99524-0249 Charles_Utermohlehealth.state.ak.usRobert J. Wolfe Wolfe and Associates 1332 Corte Lira San Marcos, CA 92069 iAbstractThis study describes the social organization of the production and distribu- tion of wild food for subsistence in two Iupiaq Eskimo commun
9、ities in northwest Alaska, Wales and Deering. Researchers surveyed 42 of 50 oc- cupied households in Wales, and 37 of 44 occupied households in Deering. Kinship information was collected through key respondent interviews. Several hypothesis were tested: (1) that subsistence productivity was associat
10、ed with household maturity, (2) that networks of households coop- erated to produce and distribute wild food, (3) that multi-household net- works were measurably distinct from one another, and (4) that member- ship in networks could be explained by kin relationships. A method to measure cooperative
11、relationships among households was developed to analyze these questions. Survey data showed that in 1994 Wales produced an estimated 744 pounds of wild food per person per year, on the average, while Deering produced 672 pounds. As has been observed in other small Alaska communities, about 30 percen
12、t of the households accounted for 70 percent or more of the harvest, by weight. Households subsistence production tended to increase with the age of household heads and with household size, as predicted by a household development model. Households occupied by an active single man were the most produ
13、ctive type of household on a per capita basis. In both communities, households cooperated extensively in the produc- tion and distribution of wild foods. Cooperation among households was highly patterned, and households could be sorted into multi-household networks. Deering was found to be organized
14、 into six multi-household networks; Wales into eight networks. Two methods used to identify subsis- tence networks hand-sorting instances of production and distribution, and clustering a matrix of Kendalls Tau-B values produced similar re- sults. Multi-household subsistence networks resembled tradit
15、ional Iupiaq “local family” groups described by Burch for the mid-19th century. View- ing production and distribution from the perspective of extended family networks helped explain variation in wild food production, and demon- strated the roles of different individuals and different social types of
16、 house- holds in the production and distribution system. In Wales and Deering in 1994, people were free to organize most wild food production and distribution in ways that were efficient, culturally ap- propriate, and personally satisfying. That freedom was not the result of informed management by government agencies, whose regulations favored individuals and households but disadvantaged extended family networks, but of Wales and Deerings remote locations. In tim
