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1、北京服装学院 因特网的发展北 京 服 装 学 院商 学院（系）学院（系） 信息管理与信息系统 专业专业2008 届本科毕业生外文翻译中文题目中文题目 因特网的发展因特网的发展 英文题目英文题目 TheThe developmentdevelopment ofof thethe InternetInternet 学生姓名学生姓名 班班 级级 指导教师指导教师 刘刘 辉辉 20072007 年年 5 5 月月 2 2 日日北京服装学院 因特网的发展TheThe developmentdevelopment ofof thethe InternetInternetWhat is the Intern
2、et? Where did it come from, and how did it support the growth of the World Wide Web? What are the Internets most important operating principles? The Internet is an interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of computers linking businesses, educational institutions, government agenc
3、ies, and individuals together. The Internet provides around 400 million people around the world with services such as e-mail, newsgroups, shopping, research, instant messaging, music, videos, and news. No one organization controls the Internet or how it functions, nor is it owned by anybody, yet it
4、has provided the infrastructure for a transformation in commerce, scientific research, and culture. The word Internet is derived from the word internetwork or the connecting together of two or more computer networks. The World Wide Web, or Web for short, is one of the Internets most popular services
5、, providing access to over one billion Web pages, which are documents created in a programming language called HTML and which can contain text, graphics, audio, video, and other objects, as well as “hyperlinks” that permit a user to jump easily from one page to another. Internet Itodays Internethas
6、evolved over the last forty years. In this sense, the Internet is not “new”; it did not happen yesterday. Although journalists and pundits talk glibly about “Internet” timesuggesting a fast-paced, nearly instant, worldwide global change mechanism, in fact, it has taken forty years of hard work to ar
7、rive at todays Internet.The history of the Internet can be segmented into three phases. In the first phase, the Innovation Phase, from 1961 to 1974, the fundamental building blocks of the Internet were conceptualized and then realized in actual hardware and software. The basic building blocks are: p
8、acket-switching hardware, client/server computing, and a communications protocol called TCP/IP . The original purpose of the Internet, when it was conceived in the late 1960s, was to link together large mainframe computers on college campuses. This kind of one-to-one communication between campuses w
9、as previously only possible through the telephone system 北京服装学院 因特网的发展or postal mail. In the second phase, the Institutional Phase, from 1975 to 1995, large institutions such as the Department of Defense and the National Science Foundation provided funding and legitimization for the fledging inventi
10、on called the Internet. Once the concept of the Internet had been proven in several government-supported demonstration projects, the Department of Defense contributed a million dollars to develop the concepts and demonstration projects into a robust military communications system that could withstan
11、d nuclear war. This effort created what was then called ARPANET . In 1986, the National Science Foundation assumed responsibility for the development of a civilian Internet (then called NSFNet) and began a ten-year-long $200 million expansion program.In the third phase, the Commercialization Phase,
12、from 19952001, government agencies encouraged private corporations to take over and expand both the Internet backbone and local service to ordinary citizensfamilies and individuals across America and the world who were not students on campuses. By 2000, the Internets use had expanded well beyond mil
13、itary installations and research universities. In 1995, the Federal Networking Council (FNC) took the step of passing a resolution formally defining the term Internet. “Internet” refers to the global information system thatI . is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on
14、the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons;II. is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; andIII. provides, uses or makes accessible,
15、 either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein. Based on the definition, the Internet means a network that uses the IP addressing scheme, supports the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and makes services available to users much like a telephone system makes voice and dat
