武装冲突论文：武装冲突论文：武装冲突 儿童兵 战争罪 罗马规约 习惯国际法 法律责任【中文摘要】儿童兵问题由来已久,但直到 1996 年的马歇尔报告引起了国际社会对深陷武装冲突儿童的关心,同时也引发了众多国际法学者对儿童兵问题的关注自从 1949 年的《日内瓦第四公约》首次规定了未满 15 周岁的儿童兵不被招募之后,已经有越来越多的国际性公约和文件规定了禁止招募儿童兵,更有相关的国际组织和机构针对这一问题采取了相关的措施如联合国安理会通过决议成立了儿童于武装冲突问题特别代表,专门就儿童与武装冲突问题进行研究和提出解决途径又如由各个主要的国际人权和人道组织发起成立的制止使用儿童兵同盟,该组织旨在通过各方各面的力量消除世界范围内招募儿童参与武装冲突的现象儿童兵问题引起世人的关注已有将近半个世纪,但是儿童兵现象却没有得到有效的遏制,这与儿童兵问题特殊性有关,例如由于各个国家的文化差异不同,“儿童”的年龄起点也不同,所以各国的参军年龄也参差不齐,导致针对禁止招募儿童兵的国际条约出现不同的年龄标准。
同时也反映了现阶段针对儿童兵的国际法律规范和相关司法制度存在着各方面的问题和弊端儿童年龄问题是导致如今许多先进的国际法规则得不到实施的主要原因,所以本文首先就从理论和实践两方面证实了招募儿童兵参与武装冲突在国际人道法中属于明令禁止的行为,论述了将参与武装冲突的年龄提高至 18 周岁的必要性、可行性以及有效途径,然后结合《国际刑事法院罗马规约》的规定和国际刑事法院以及卢旺达国际刑事法庭的审判实践阐述了将招募儿童兵的行为定为战争罪的法理依据,以及该行为构成战争罪的构成要件,论证了禁止招募儿童兵已经成为一项习惯国际法,并在完善条约的实施监督以及更好的惩治犯罪、消除有罪不罚的现象等方面提出了笔者的建议和解决方案,希望以此起到抛砖引玉之效英文摘要】It has been a long time for children in the countries ongoing armed conflict being recruited by armed forces, but it did not raise any concern from international community until 1996 when The Michael report came out, and many international law scholars paid intention on the problem as well. The fourth Geneva convention of 1949 provided that the children under 15 should not been recruited by armed force. It is the first time for international conventions prohibiting the recruitment of children into armed forces. After that there are more and more international conventions and instruments prohibiting recruitment of children. At the mean time, many measures have been taken by lots of international organizations and mechanisms aimed at resolving this phenomenon. For example, the UN Security Council have passed the resolution which established special representative for the children involved in armed conflicts, who is designed to research and put forward solutions about children involved in armed conflicts. As another example, the coalition to stop the use of children in armed conflict was launched and founded by lots of main international human rights organizations and international humanitarian organizations in May in 1998, and the aim of the organization is to eliminate the phenomenon of worldwide children soldiers by each way and each organization’s effort.It has been almost half of a century for children soldiers’phenomenon raises our attention, but the children soldiers are still be active in international and non-international armed inflicts. It is on account of many aspects for the irregularly of beginning age of been recruited by national or non-national armed forces , for instance, the differences among many countries’culture, the distinction about the onset age of“children”, and the differences have led to the differences age norms in related international conventions. Meanwhile, it reflects many problems and drawbacks bout the related international law as well as the related justice system. The onset age difference is the main reason that many advanced international rules can not been implemented effectively. This text will prove that the recruitment of children soldiers is prohibited by international humanitarian law in way of theory and practice, and then elaborates the necessity, feasibility and efficient approach. After that, It will explain the jurisprudence basis of the war-criminalization of recruitment of children soldiers tied up with the《Rome statute of international criminal court》 and judicial practice of Rwanda international criminal court, as well as the elements of the crime and then demonstrate that the prohibition of recruitment of children has been a customary international law. And finally, the author put forwards some suggestions and feasible solutions about how to complete the supervision of related international conventions, and how to remedy by punishment and how to remove the phenomenon of impunity so long as to raise wide discussion and educe more valid proposals.【关键词】武装冲突 儿童兵 战争罪 罗马规约 习惯国际法 法律责任【英文关键词】Armed Conflict Children Soldiers Rome Statute Customary International Law War Crime Legal Responsibility【目录】禁止招募儿童兵的国际法律问题 摘要 4-5 Abstract 5-6 第 1 章 绪论 9-14 1.1 选题背景与研究意义 9-11 1.1.1 选题背景 9-10 1.1.2 研究意义 10-11 1.2 国内外研究现状 11-12 1.2.1 国外研究现状 11-12 1.2.2 国内研究现状 12 1.3 研究内容及结构安排 12-13 1.4 主要研究方法 13-14 第 2 章 有关禁止招募儿童兵之国际法规则存在的问题及完善 14-31 2.1 概述 14-16 2.1.1 现有禁止招募儿童兵的国际法规则 14-15 2.1.2 禁止招募儿童兵国际法规则的习惯法地位 15-16 2.2 禁止招募儿童兵的年龄标准存在的问题及完善 16-21 2.2.1 当前各国际法文件规定的年龄标准 17-18 2.2.2 将招募年龄提升至 18 岁的必要性 18-20 2.2.3 将招募年龄提升至 18 岁的可行性 20 2.2.4 提升最低招募年龄的途径 20-21 2.3 将招募儿童兵定为战争罪存在的问题及完善 21-31 2.3.1 禁止招募儿童入伍行为的义务主体 21-23 2.3.2 行为要件 23-26 2.3.3 主观方面的要件 26-27 2.3.4 客观要件 27-29 2.3.5 排除刑事责任的理由 29-31 第 3 章 禁止招募儿童兵相关国际条约的实施 31-37 3.1 禁止招募儿童兵相关国际条约在国内层面的实施 32-34 3.1.1 我国对《儿童权利公约》及任择议定书的适用 32 3.1.2 各国履行《罗马规约》的实践 32-33 3.1.3 关于条约的保留 33-34 3.2 禁止招募儿童兵相关国际条约在国际层面的实施 34-37 3.2.1 缔约国定期报告和审查制度 34-35。