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1、Anti-dumping refers to measures taken to counter the dumping of foreign commodities in domestic market. In addition to universal customs duties, the government levies additional tax on dumping foreign commodities to make sure these commodities can not be sold at unfairly low prices. Such additional
2、tax refers to Anti-dumping Duties. For instance, the United States stipulates that if the landed prices of foreign commodities appear lower than their factory prices, anti-dumping countermeasures will be applied immediately. Although General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has made clear regulations
3、in regard to anti-dumping matters, as a matter of fact, all nations are going their own way and make anti-dumping the principal means to wage trade wars. Why does WTO system need to encompass anti-dumping that by its very nature is protective? From the political and economic point of view, the gover
4、nment is easily subject to the pressure from certain interest groups. In that case, anti-dumping implies protection for domestic manufacturers competing in import. Therefore, anti-dumping is not always based on reasonable principles of economics, but political and economic matters that associate clo
5、sely with political power as well as protection seeking pressures. As trade liberalization is deepening from all over the world, more and more trade protectionist barriers are being placed. The increasingly intense international and domestic markets are pressurizing the governments to offer protecti
6、on for import competitors from home. These pressures may stem from: concerns for politics, concerns for equality or concerns for trade patriotism. On top of that, monopolies may put pressure on governments through potent lobbying, requiring protection for import industry. From the governments perspe
7、ctive, it attaches more importance to manufacturers interests. This is because everyone knows how to consume but not everyones able to make production. Hence, governments tend to protect manufacturers contributing to the development of domestic industry and concern about the accumulation of wealth.
8、Anti-dumping Law has required the government meet the protection needs from manufacturers at home and provide implicit protective tools that in light of WTO regulations. Aside from that, anti-dumping targets manufacturers not governments, so it doesnt involve most-favored-nation (MFN) requirement. T
9、herefore, governments tend to apply anti-dumping mechanism in conformity to GATT/WTO in a bid to lodge a complaint against unfair competition from abroad. When they ask for protection from governments, the governments will conduct survey on domestic manufacturers to determine whether to initiate inv
10、estigation. After the investigation, even though there is no anti-dumping, the initiation of investigation will reduce import. As a result, domestic industry could be protected. PietEeckhout has focus attention on the anti-dumping case involving China and he also paid close attention to Chinas non-m
11、arket economy issue. After having observed the latest development of European anti-dumping policy, he came to a conclusion that the E.U. has not taken fully into account the actual development status of Chinas market economy. There are many pitfalls as to the E.U.s anti-dumping policy against China.
12、 The Analysis on the case of E.U.s anti-dumping policy against China made by Xiang Liu and Hylke Vandenbussche from Economic Restructuring Center of Belgian University is thus far the most detailed study. They point out that China is the most hard-hit nation by the E.U.s anti-dumping policy. After t
13、horough study of the case of E.U.s anti-dumping policy against China during the last two decades of the previous century, they found in many cases, that the E.U. had levied very high anti-dumping duties on products from China. On top of that, their study summarized the characteristics of the anti-du
14、mping measures the E.U. had taken against China and dissected the reasons why China has easily fallen to E.U.s anti-dumping policy. In addition, they made optimistic prediction regarding the anti-dumping status China will be faced with after its entry into WTO. In their views, Chinas entry into WTO,
15、 along with Chinas anti-dumping legislation in 1997 will tone down E.U.s anti- dumping policy against China. Anti-Dumping cases are not filed by Germany or France or any individual country, but by the EU. The constant development of econometrics offers demonstration study of economics with effective
16、 means. A lot of scholars across the world tend to study anti-dumping related matters with the application of demonstration from econometrics. For most part, they make demonstration and analysis on factors affecting anti-dumping. The purpose is to determine how all sorts of economic variables are influence the initiating quantity of anti-dumping. In terms of influence from macro economic variables on anti-dumping, the
