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1、1Chapter 6 1. How are different types of learning related to learning English as a foreign language?Learning has been classified in many different ways .The most useful classification is based on the task of learning (i.e. what is being learned).Based on the nature of the learning task, three types
2、of learning are identified :skill learning ,affective and social learning, and cognitive learning .Type 1,signal learning This is a somewhat specialized type of learning.It is called signal learning to emphasize that the learner is associating an already available response with a new signal or stimu
3、lus .One important characteristics of this type of learning is that it involves the Pavlovian conditioned response ,which is general ,diffuse ,and emotional.This kind of response has a truly “involuntary”character .A fear response ,for example,involves general ,diffuse activity including speeded hea
4、rtbeat,constriction of blood vessels and other internal involuntary behavior .In our daily life, learning to respond to alarm clock bells or automobile horns falls into this type of learning .Type 2,stimulus-response learningType 3 chainingType 4 verbal association (or sequence)Type 5 multiple discr
5、iminationType 6 concept learning Type 7 principle learning Type 8 problem-solvingLanguage learning is a complex task which involves all these types of learning . For example,in learning the pronunciation of a second language,the learner is concerned with how to produce the appropriate sound patterns
6、 a sensorimotor skill or part of a skill.If the learner cannot distinguish two sounds and therefore cannot pronounce them,he needs to know the articulatory description of the two sounds .This involves conceptual learning.The actual learning of a second language is accompanied by emotional reactions,
7、 and entire learning experience may lead to a fixed constellation of likes and dislikes directed towards the language and the people speaking that language.2.Illustrate the general learning strategies with examples from yourself or your Students in learning English. ways in which a learner attempts
8、to work out the meanings and uses of words, grammatical rules, and other aspects of a language metacognitive strategies :1.thinking about the mental processes used in the learning process2.monitoring learning while it is taking place, 3.evaluating learning after it has occurred A. advance organizers
9、B. directed attentionC. selective attentionD. self-management E. functional planningF. self-monitoringG. delayed productionH. self-evaluation cognitive strategies:processes and behavior which learners use to help them improve their ability to learn or remember something, particularly those which lea
10、rners use with specific classroom tasks and activities A. repetitionB. Resourcing C. translationD. grouping socioaffective strategies:social-mediating activity and transacting with others3.What are the major strategies employed by good students in your class?2Tarone defines learning strategy as atte
11、mpts to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in the target language. The motivation for the use of learning strategy is the desire to learn the target language rather than the desire to communicate .Production strategies are used to accomplish communication goals;they reflect an interes
12、t in using the language system efficiently and clearly without excessive effort.Communication strategies are an adaptation to the failure to realize a language production goal.They therefore serve an important role in negotiating meaning between individuals. Rubin suggests that the good language lea
13、rner : 1)is a willing and accurate guesser 2) has a strong drive to communicate 3)is often uninhibited about his weaknesses in the L2 and ready to risk making mistakes 4)is willing to attend to form 5)practices 6)monitors 7)attends to meaning in its social contextStern identifies four basic sets of
14、strategies from the basic considerations and research of language learning: 1)Active planning strategy Good language learners will select goals and subgoals,recoginize stages and developmental sequences and actively participate in the learning process 2)”Academic “(explicit)learning strategy Good la
15、nguage learners are prepared to study and practice .They pay attention to the features of language as a formal system with rules and regular retationships between forms and meaning. 3)Social learning strategy Good language learners seek communicative contact with target language users and are active
16、 participants in authentic language use 4)Affective language Good language learners can cope effective with the emotion and motivational problems of language learning .They approach the task of L2 learning in a positive frame of mind and cultivate positive attitudes towards themselves as language learner s, towards language and language learning in general,and towards the target language and its society and culture.4.What is the difference between learni
