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1、20102010 考研英语历年真题考研英语历年真题报刊阅读报刊阅读 100100 篇篇(1)(1)山随平野尽，江入大荒流。风流不在谈锋胜，袖手无言味最长。举世皆浊我独清，众人皆醉我独醒。喜看稻菽千重浪，遍地英雄下夕烟。欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。 Thermoelectrics 温差电流学：Every little helps 积少成多HERE is a thought: approximately 60% of the energy converted in power generation 发电机 is wasted. The price of energy is high, both in
2、terms of the actual 真实的 实际的 cost to the consumer and the consequences of the climate change that generating power from fossil fuels 化石燃料 矿物燃料 causes. If even a small proportion of 一小部分 this wasted heat could be converted to useful power, it would be a good thing.At this weeks meeting of the American
3、 Physical Society, in Baltimore, Mercouri Kanatzidis of Michigan State University proposed such a scheme. He advocates attaching thermoelectric devices that convert heat into electricity to chimney stacks and vehicle exhausts, to squeeze more useful energy from power generation.The technology to do
4、so has existed for years. If one end of an electrical conductor is heated while the other is kept cool, a small voltage is created between the two. Placing two dissimilar metals, or other electrically conductive materials, in contact with each other and then heating them also generates a voltage. Su
5、ch devices, called thermocouples, are nowadays usually made using semiconductors. They are widely used as thermometers. But if they could be made cheaper, or more efficient, or both, they could also be employed to generate power.Dr Kanatzidis is developing new thermoelectric materials designed to be
6、 capable of converting up to 20% of the heat that would otherwise be wasted into useful electricity. The challenge lies in finding a substance that conducts electricity well and heat badly. These two properties define what physicists call the “figure of merit” of a thermoelectric substance, which de
7、scribes the power a device made of that substance could generate. Dr Kanatzidiss group aims to make materials with higher figures of merit than those attainable with todays semiconductors.Since the electrical properties of solids depend on their crystal structures, his group is experimenting with ne
8、w atomic lattices. In particular, they are working on a group of chemicals called chalcogenides. These are compounds of oxygen, sulphur, selenium and tellurium that are thought to be particularly suitable for thermoelectric applications because their structure allows electric currents to flow while
9、blocking thermal currents. They thus have a high figure of merit. Dr Kanatzidiss group is developing new ways of making these compounds crystallise correctly.But even existing devices could become economically useful as fuel prices rise, Dr Kanatzidis argues. In America, transport accounts for a qua
10、rter of the energy used. Fitting small thermoelectric devices to the exhaust pipes of vehicles could squeeze another 10% from the fuela saving that would be especially relevant in hybrid petrol/electric devices where the battery is recharged in part by recycling energy that would otherwise be dissip
11、ated by energy-draining activities such as braking. Similarly, attaching thermoelectric devices to the flues of power plants could generate more useful power.And thermoelectric devices could be used in other areas. They could work alongside solar cells and solar heating systems. They could also be u
12、sed in geothermal and nuclear power plants. Dr Kanatzidis argues that wherever heat is generated as part of power generation, thermoelectric devices could help extract more useful energy. Waste not, want not.考研词汇：converted k?nv?:tid a.更换信仰的, 修改的advocate ?dv?kit n.提倡者，鼓吹者;v.提倡，鼓吹真题例句One of the first
13、advocates (n.) for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. 2005年新题型例句精译 Laval 大学一位研究人员是首先提出创立全国性代理机构的倡导者之一。真题例句The journalist advocating (v.) participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.2000 年阅读 5例句精译 倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。cap
14、able ?keip?b?la.有本领的，有能力的;(of)可以的，能的真题例句I believe that the most important forces behind the massive Ma.混合的，化合的，复合的;v.合成真题例句Vitamins are organic compounds (n.) necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.1996 年完形例句精译 维生素是有机化合物，饮食中必须含有
15、少量维生素以维持动物(包括人)的生存和正常生长。merit ?merit n.优点，价值，功绩;v.值得，应得draindreinn.排水沟，阴沟;消耗，负担;v.排去，放干背景常识介绍：热电转换技术是一种利用半导体材料实现热能和电能直接相互转换的绿色能源技术。使用这项技术，利用农作物、垃圾、汽车余热甚至人体热能，在住宅、农庄、汽车上就可以建立一个小型发电系统，满足人们对小功率电能的需求。采用不同的热电材料可以制成发电器或者制冷器，它们无须使用传动部件，系统体积小，适用温度范围广，工作时无噪音，与太阳能、风能、水能等二次能源一样，具有不排放污染物的优点。参考译文：热电学：每一小部分都是有用的有
16、人认为，在发电过程中，其中大约有 60%的能量在其转化成电能时被浪费掉。无论从消费者的实际花费， 还是从用化石燃料发电所引起的气候变化的角度而言，使用能源的代价都是很高的。如果把浪费掉的很小的一部分热能转换为有用的能量，这都是件好事。美国物理学会本周在巴尔的摩举行的例会上，密歇根州立大学的 Mercouri Kanatzidis 建议，把热电转化装置安装在烟囱和车辆排气管上，从而获得更多可用能源。这项技术已经研发出好多年了。如果电导体一段加热，另一端不加热，就会在电导体两端产生少量的电压。把两种不同的金属或其他非金属电导体连在一起，进行加热，也会产生一定的电压。这样的装置被称为热电偶，现在通常由半导体材料制成。这些热电偶被广泛用作温度计。如果它们的造价再低一些，或效用再高一些，或同时降低造价、提高效用，就可以用它们来发电了。Kanatzidis 博士正在研发的一种新型热电材料，可以将原本会浪费掉的热能中的 20%转化为电能。他目前面临的困难是，要找到一种物质，同时是很好的电导体又是热的不良
