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1、11 1、 英语词汇概述：（英语词汇概述：（8%8%） （1 1） 英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展 阶段。阶段。 （2 2） 英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专用词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专用词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。（3 3） 英语词汇的三大特点：数量大、来源广、变化多。英语词汇的三大特点：数量大、来源广、变化多。 Indo-EuropeanIndo-European印欧语系印欧语系With Vikings invasion, many Scandinavian
2、words at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. 1. Word 词词- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and sy
3、ntactic function.2Vocabulary 词汇词汇 Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a
4、particular period of time in history.3. basic word stock 基本词汇基本词汇 is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small 2percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part
5、 of it. These words have obvious characteristics. （1）All national character 全民性全民性. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language。They include words relating to the following respects
6、: Natural phenomena/Human body and relations/Names of plants and animals/Action, size, domain, state/Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions （2）Stability 稳定性稳定性. Words of the basic word stock have been in use for centuries.（3）Productivity 多产性多产性. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root
7、words or monosyllabic words. They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes. （4）Polysemy 多义性多义性. Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undertone semantic changes in the course of use an
8、d become polysemous. （5）Collocability 搭配性搭配性. Many words of the basic word stock quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like. 4.nonbasic words stock 非基本词汇非基本词汇 Words, void of the stated characteristics, do not belong to the common core of the language. They i
9、nclude the following. （1）Terminology 术语术语 consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas （2）Jargon 行话行话 refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business. （3）Sla
10、ng 俚语俚语 belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population. Sl
11、ang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether. Slang is colorful, blunt, expressive and impressive. （4）Argot 黑话黑话 generally refers to the jargon of criminals. （5）Dialectal words 方言词方言词 are words used only by speakers of the
12、dialect in question. 3（6） Archaisms 古语词古语词 are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. （7） Neologisms 新词语新词语 are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.-。 5.Content words 实义词实义词 denote clear notions
13、and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity. 6.Functional words 功能词功能词 do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief functi
14、on is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. 7.native words 本地词本地词 are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribe
15、s. Anglo-Saxon Words， are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language （1. neutral in style 文体中性 2.frequent in use 使用频繁）8.borrowed words 借词借词words taken over from foreign languages are know as loan
16、words, constituting 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. The English language has vast debts . 9.Denizens 同化词同化词 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. Such as port from portus (L).Denizens的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F),
