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1、 新托福 TPO21 阅读原文(一)：Geothermal EnergyTPO21-1：Geothermal EnergyEarths internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becom
2、es available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures
3、in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80
4、to 180centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structu
5、re near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180centigrade are useful for generating elec
6、tricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity o
7、f molten rock material. The worlds largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of producti
8、on and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate ele
9、ctricity using geothermal heat.Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are
10、 under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts
11、and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to the ground from which they were removed.The contribution of geothermal energy to the worlds energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, beca
12、use in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the r
13、ift valleys of Africa)the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal en
14、ergy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-firs
15、t century, if ever.TPO21-1 译文：地热能地球内部因放射产生的热量为板块运动、大陆漂移、造山运动和地震提供了能量。这种热量还可以用来驱动发电机发电以及为家庭供暖。水流经地表下可能几百甚至几千英尺深的热岩区域(一种热储)被加热，当被加热的水将热量传递出来时，地热能就可以实际形式加以利用了。这些水通常是沿着岩石的断面下渗的天然地下水，少数情况下是人为从地表泵入的水。通过为了采集地热能所钻的孔，这些水会以液体或蒸汽的形式被带到地表。到目前为止，最丰富的地热能形式介于相对较低的 80 到 180 摄氏度的温度。在此温度范围内的热储内循环的水可以提取出足够的热量供居住区、商业区和
16、工业区取暖。目前在法国有 20 000 间以上的公寓是由温暖的地下水供暖的，这些地下水来自位于巴黎附近叫做巴黎盆地的地质构造的热储。冰岛位于一个被称为是大西洋中脊的火山构造之上。冰岛的首都雷克雅维克完全是用火山热产生的地热能供暖的。温度高于 180 摄氏度的地热储集层可用来发电。这类地热储集层主要位于有近期火山活动的区域，以干热的岩石、天然热水或天然蒸汽的形式存在。后两种形式的储集层局限于少数区域，在这些区域，地表水通过地下断层或断裂渗入到被近期的熔岩活动加热的深层岩石。世界上最大的天然蒸汽供应位于加州旧金山以北 120 公里处的盖沙斯。二十世纪九十年代，那里产出的电能足够满足旧金山半数的需求。当时该电厂已经有三十个年头了，开始显示出发电量下降的迹象，这可能是由于过度的开发所致。到二十世纪九十年代末，加州、犹他州、内华达州和夏威夷约有 70 个地热发电厂在运转，产生的电能足够满足一百万
