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1、记叙文 NarrationA narrative is an account of an event or a series of events. 记叙文的写作原则：事件的叙述应连贯而符合逻辑。通常按照时间顺序，也可以用倒叙，但不可滥用。事件之间用过渡性词语来连接。仔细选择细节。所选的细节应切中主题。如你想描述早上出门后发生的某件不同寻常的事，就不必包括诸如一下的细节：手拿鞋刷，挤鞋油，先刷鞋尖，后刷鞋跟。既要介绍也要描写。 用各种事件和对话来说明主题要比事件的性质更令人感兴趣。如描写一个人把小孩的玩具往墙上扔，要比只说“琼斯先生是个顽皮的人”更有效。为你的主题和读者选择一种叙述的人称(poi
2、nt of view)。人称多用第一人称和第三人称。第一人称适用于主题较小的且与自己有关的事情（it is about what we ourselves have seen or experienced） ，似乎显得真实亲切(lifelike)，但用第一人称不能同时讲述不是自己所见所经历的事情（a first-person narrator cannot tell events that happen in different places at the same time） 。第三人称则不受此限制，而且似乎更全面和客观(wide and objective)，但要写好却难于把握，因为事件的
3、顺序不易安排(it is not easy to put in order things that happen to different people in different places)。 人称的选择取决于你的读者对象和写作的目的。显然，在叙述一次实验和一场足球赛时应采用不同的人称和态度。记叙要切中主题。对一个事件的叙述不要过宽。 （改编自于晓丹，李宝东英语写作（英语本科段）第 21 页，中华书局）Five aspects in a Narrative: (丁往道)To sum up, when planning a narrative, we should consider five
4、 aspects: purpose, selection of details, context, organization, and point of view.1) PurposeWe must have a purpose in telling a story. The purpose may be to teach a lesson, to give a warning, to illustrate a concept, to prove a theory, to praise a virtue, to condemn a vice, etc. we should make sure
5、that the total effect of our narrative, or the final impression it leaves on the reader , agrees with our purpose. To achieve this, we must choose details and design the plot of our story carefully.2) Selection of detailsA narrative is made up of details. When writing a narrative, we should provide
6、enough details to let the reader know what happens as well as our purpose in telling the story. Only relevant details, or things that help to bring out the main ideas of the narrative, are useful and effective. So when selecting details, we should bear in mind our purpose in writing the narrative.3)
7、 ContextWhen we write a narrative, we should first make clear when, where, and to whom the action in our narrative happened. The background knowledge will help the reader understand the narrative.4) OrganizationEvents in a narrative are usually told in the order in which they occur. But it is also p
8、ossible, and sometimes better, to start from the middle or even the end of the story with the event that is most important or most likely to arouse the readers interest, and then go back to the beginning by using flashbacks(倒叙 ).Like other types of writing, a narrative has a beginning, a middle, and
9、 an end. In the beginning, we give the setting, that is background knowledge of when, where, and to whom the action happened, as is mentioned above. The middle (the body) tells the story itself. When the story is clearly told, the narrative comes to a natural end; then there is no need for a conclud
10、ing paragraph. Sometimes we may add one or two paragraphs about the significance of the story or about things that happen afterwards.5) Point of viewWe can tell a story either in the first person or in the third person. A first-person narrative may be more lifelike, because it is about what we ourse
11、lves have seen or experienced. But a first-person narrator cannot tell events that happen in different places at the same time. A third-person narrator is free from this limitation. Moreover, a third-person narrative may be more objective. But is is not easy to put in order things that happen to dif
12、ferent people in different places. 描写文 Description描写文不需要按时间顺序写。它强调的是人的感受。其目的是用语言文字为所描写的人物、地方、物体、事件发生的场面和事件勾画出一幅幅画面。它与记叙文和说明文紧密相关，可使记叙和说明更加生动有趣。因此，我们不能把这三种写作形式截然分开。描写中所采用的几种方法：1. 选择恰当的词语：恰当的词语可使描写更逼真。尽量用表达确切的具体名词和动词，并选择写作效果最强的修饰语。2. 传递感觉的细节： 采用直接的细节描写，并把这些细节与人的感觉视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉或嗅觉联系起来。3. 比喻： 明喻：以 like 或
13、as 开头的直接的显而易见的比喻。1） He was as poor as a church mouse. 他一贫如洗。2） She danced and sang happily like a lark. 她像一只百灵鸟一样唱歌跳舞。3） He sat like patience on a monument, smiling at grief.她坐在纪念碑上， 像个木偶人，对悲哀一笑置之。4） He drove as if possessed by the devil. 他着魔似地驾车狂奔。隐喻：是一种比较间接的、微妙的对比，即用某个词或短语的一个意思来代替另一个意思并暗示他们之间有极强的相
14、似之处。1） She is the eyeball of her parents. 她是她父母的掌上明珠。2） Our eyes are the windows of our soul. 眼睛是我们心灵的窗户。拟人：把一件东西或一种想法当成人或具有人的特征的事物来对待。1） The tall trees on top of the hill seemed to be fondling the white clouds with its fingers of long boughs. 山顶上高高的树像是在用手指般的树枝抚弄着白云。2） Fate wont smile to you unless
15、you smile to fate. 命运不会向你微笑，除非你向它微笑。3） The flowers breathed out their sweet perfume. 花儿吐出了芬芳。4） The wind whistled in the yard, and the rain pounded on the winded. 风在院中摇摆，雨敲打着出窗棂。5） And a thin, high, wailing sigh escaped his lips.6） Then relief wiped the despair from his face.特别注意的问题：人物的描写 哪些是能把他或她同其
16、他人区别开来的人物特征？ 怎样通过他或她说的话或做的事而不是用你自己的抽象的叙述和描写来表现一个人的性格特征、思想和感情？ 这个人是否有给读者深刻印象的特征？地方的描写 应按空间的顺序来写-从近到远或从远到近（wide angle 广角、close up 特写）, 从左到右或从右到左，从上至下或从下至上。物的描写 通常作为一段中的一部分，是帮助实现其他目的的。可提及物的大小、颜色、形状及其用法和功能。突出其重要特征，特别是与我们关系密切的方面。景物的描写: 通常包括背景、人物和行为。和描写地方一样，要着重营造使人印象深刻的气氛和特殊的效果。Exposition 说明文-其主要目的是解释或提供信息。方法：举例说明、过程分析、比较和对比、划分和分类、因果分析。其特点：有意义、清楚、客观、简明、有趣。Exposition means explaining. An expository paper explains something, such as how something is made
