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1、高三英语语法复习教案之分词【基本概念基本概念】1.对英语动词的基本认识对英语动词的基本认识英语中动词的语法作用同汉语区别很大。动词除了在句子中充当谓语之外，还常以非谓语的形式充当其他的句子成分。按照动词是否充当谓语，我们可以把动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。每一类动词所包含的主要语法知识如 下。时态 （按高考要求共九个时态）谓语动词 语态 （主动语态和被动语态）语气 （陈述语气和虚拟语气）主谓一致动词动词不定式非谓语动词 分词 （现在分词和过去分词）动名词非谓语动词是指不充当谓语而做其他句子成分的动词，凡是用作非谓语的动词在形式上都要有所变化，以区别于谓语动词。2.分词的语法作用分词的语法作
2、用分词分现在分词和过去分词两类，具有形容词和副词的语法功能，在句子中可以充当表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。例 1：The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging.(P.51, Senior Book 2B)句中的现在分词 encouraging 充当句子的表语。例 2：The people performing all play different instrument. (P.49, Senior Book2B)Polluted rivers and lakes have also been a c
3、ause of death. (P.52, Senior Book2A)现在分词 performing 作后置定语，修饰 the people; 过去分词 polluted 作定语修饰 rivers and lakes。例 3：So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him, and went to live in English. (P.57, Senior Book2B)现在分词短语 preferring to give up the fortune that would
4、 one day come to him 作状语，表示 he left France and went to live in England 的原因。Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs. (P.14 Senior Book2B)过去分词短语 well known for his expert advice 也充当状语，表示原因。分词短语充当状语时，其作用相当于一个状语从句，因此都可以用状语从句替代。Well known
5、 for his expert advice = Because he was known for his expert advice,显然，按照修辞的标准衡量，分词短语较状语从句更为精练。例 4：They broke into the uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead.(P.16, Senior Book2B)I can see it fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall, but it is not fastened to that wire. (P.
6、16 Senior Book2B)The gate must be kept shut so that the animals do not escape. (P.53,Senior Book2A)以上三句划线的部分都是宾语补足语,其中第三句的 shut 在主动语态中是过去分词做宾补,改为被动语态后,主动语态的宾语 gate 变为被动语态的主语,因此语法上称之为 “主补”。宾语补足语是汉语所没有的句子成分，然而却类似于汉语中的兼语。在英语中，宾语同宾语补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，这是理解宾语补足语时必须搞清的最基本的概念。第一句中的 man 是宾语，和宾语补足语 lying on t
7、he floor 之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系，man 发出 lying on the floor 的动作。第二句中 it 是宾语，同宾语补足语 fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall 具有逻辑上的被动的主谓关系。【关键知识关键知识】学习分词的知识只要抓住现在分词同过去分词的区别这一关键环节，其他问题便可迎刃而解。区别现在分词和过去分词的方法主要有两点：2.掌握主谓关系用现在分词，动宾关系用过去分词的基本原则。掌握主谓关系用现在分词，动宾关系用过去分词的基本原则。分词做定语时，看分词同它所修饰的名词或代词的关系。分词所修饰的名词或代词同分为主
8、谓关系时，用现在分词；分词所修饰的名词或代词同分词为动宾关系时，用过去分词。There are lots of good English language programmes broadcast on TV or the radio in China. (P.46, Senior Book1A)过去分词短语 broadcast on TV or the radio in China 作定语修饰 programmes, broadcast 同它所修饰的名词 programmes 具有动宾关系，即 broadcast programmes on TV or the radio，因此必须用过去分词
9、。Two days later I received a letter offering me the job. (P.34-35, Senior Book2B)现在分词短语 offering me the job 是名词 letter 的定语，offering 同它所修饰的名词 letter具有逻辑上的主谓关系，如果将现在分词短语转换成定语从句，这种“主谓关系”则更为明确：Two days later I received a letter which offered me the job。分词做宾语补足语时，看分词同宾语补足语的关系。主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词。You ofte
10、n see musicians performing in the streets. (P.54, Senior Book2B)宾语 musicians 和宾语补足语 performing 具有逻辑上的主谓关系，musicians 发出perform 的动作，宾语补足语必须用现在分词。Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others we make ourselves understood not just by words. (P.14, Senior Book2A)作宾语补足语的过去分词 understood 同宾语 ours
11、elves 为动宾关系，即 understand ourselves，此处的意思是“使我们自己被别人所理解”。分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致。据此，辨别现在分词和过去分词的区别要看分词同句子主语的逻辑关系，主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词。In Arab countries, you eat using the fingers of your right hand; the left hand is not used at all. (P.14, Senior Book2A)现在分词短语 using the fingers of your right hand 作方式状语修
12、饰谓语动词 eat。之所以用现在分词，是因为 using 同句子的主语 you 有逻辑上的主谓关系。换言之，句子的主语 you 既发出谓语动作 eat，又发出非谓语动词 using 所表示的动作。Dr. Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room. ( P.15 Senior Book2B)过去分词短语 locked in your room 充当 spend the night 的方式状语。lock 同句子的主语Dr. Watson and I 的逻辑关系为动宾关系“lock Dr. Watson and I in your r
13、oom”。分词作状语时同句子主语之间的逻辑关系较难理解，再看以下例句，注意分词短语同句子主语之间的逻辑关系。The poor of the cities and the peasants in the country, having lived such a hard life for so long, took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles. (P.58, Senior Book2B)Considering that Charles would be sentenced to death, he went
14、 to a chemists shop and bought some special medicine. (P. 58 , Senior Book2B)Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. (P.17, Senior Book2B)The lady returned home, followed by Mr. Holmes and Dr. Watson. (P.17, Senior Book2B)3.分词作表语时，区别现在分词和过去分词的两种方法。分词作表语时，区别现在分词和过去分
15、词的两种方法。分词作表语时，现在分词表示主语的特征；过去分词表示主语所处的状态。The temperature is 15C. It is freezing outside. ( P.51, Senior Book2B)现在分词 freezing 作表语，表示主语“天气”的特征。Children are afraid of the stone figures in the temple which look so frightening. ( P.51, Senior Book2B )which 代表先行词 the stone figures 的含义，在定语从句中作主语。frightening
16、 是系动词 look 的表语，表示主语 the stone figures 的形象特征。One quarter of the shores of the Mediterranean are polluted. (P.52, Senior Book2A )过去分词 polluted 作表语，表示地中海沿岸的四分之一受污染的状况。surprise, excite, interest, frighten, worry, please, 等动词具有共同的特点，他们的意思都是“使（人）怎么样”。这类动词充当表语时区别现在分词或过去分词的方法比较简单：如果主语是表示“人”的词语，表语用过去分词；主语是表示“事”或“物”的词语，表语用现在分词。We were getting very worried. (P.61, Senior Book2A )“The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo!” Mrs. Cousins was frightened. (P.69, Senior Book2A)
