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1、01 The Language of MusicA painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of m
2、usic needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chor
3、ds would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right armtwo entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianis
4、ts are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuners responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapp
5、ing tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless
6、it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century. 01语言的音乐画家,他或她的成品的照片挂在墙上,每个人都能看到它。作曲家写完了一部作品,但是没有人能听见它直到它被执行。专业歌手和演员身负重责,作曲家依赖于他们。一个学习音乐的人一样,需要经过长期艰苦的训练
7、而成为一名演奏家就像医科学生要成为一名医生。大多数的训练都是技术性的,因为音乐家们都必须肌肉像运动员和芭蕾舞演员。歌手每天练习呼吸,因为他们的声带必须没有肌肉的有效控制不足。弦乐演奏时感人左手的手指上升和下降,而绘画船头来回右臂前后完全不同的动作。歌手和乐器必须使每个音符完全合调。钢琴家就没有这烦恼,因为音调早已在那等着他们,钢琴定调音师来调整仪器。但他们有自己的难点;锤打在琴弦钢琴不听起来像打击乐,还有每个叠音必须发清晰。此问题弄清楚纹理是困惑学生教导员:他们必须清楚地知道每个音符的音乐和它如何发音,以及在控制这些声音目的懂得狂热而无私的权威。技术是没有用的,除非它是结合音乐方面的知识和理解
8、。伟大的艺术家是那些语言驾轻就熟的音乐,能演奏写于任何时代的作品。02 Schooling and EducationIt is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implie
9、d by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the
10、 whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation
11、with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral
12、 part of ones entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbo
13、oks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that there not likely
14、 to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.02上学与受教育人们普遍认为在美国那所学校是人们受教育的地方。然而,也有一种说法,认为今天的孩子们上学打断了他们受教育。学校和教育之间的区别此观点暗示了是很重要的。
15、教育是比上学内容更综合和全面。教育是无限的。它可以发生在任何地方,不管在淋浴时还是在工作中,无论是在厨房或拖拉机上。它既包括发生的正规教育,在学校和非正式学习的所有领域。教育的代理人可以是德高望重的老者也可以是广播中辩论政治的政客,可以是小孩也可以是一个杰出的科学家。上学读书多少有点可预见性,而教育往往能带来意外的发现。与陌生人偶然的一次谈话可能会使人认识到自己对其宗教所知甚少。人们从幼时起就开始受教育。因此,教育是一个非常丰富的词。教育是一个终生的过程,这个过程的开始,长在进入学校之前就开始的,应该是一种人们整个生活的组成部分。从另一方面来说,学校教育是一种特定的,正式的过程,一般模式的预设
16、的一点一滴变化到下一个。在全国,孩子们到学校在大约相同的时间,坐在指定的位置,接受一个成人的教学,使用相同的教材,做作业,考试等等。的现实生活中的一些片断,无论他们是学习字母或对政府工作的理解,通常都会科目范围的限制被教导。例如,高中生们知道没有可能发现他们的课程中,他们社区政治问题的真相或知道最新上映的试验。有一定条件下的过程学校正式教育。03 The Definition of “Price”Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well
