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1、1如何区别三种非谓语动词在英语中,动词的地位非常重要,它可以充当句子的谓语,同时受主语的限制,必须在人称上和主语一致。另外,动词在句子中的作用还不止于作谓语。动词不定式、动名词和分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)可以出现在句子中除谓语以外的任何一个位置上,充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分,这些动词形式称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表:功能非谓语动词主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语不定式 动名词 极少分词 . 不定式与动名词作主语的用法比较: 动词原形不能在句中作主语。如果某个动词在句中需作主语,我们可以把它变成动名词或动词不定式,有时它们的意思没多大区别。如:To se
2、e is to believe. 百闻不如一见。=Seeing is believing. 一般来讲,在表示比较抽象笼统的一般行为时多用动名词,在表示具体某次动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。如:Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟对人身体有害。 (笼统地谈吸烟问题)To finish the job in two days is impossible.要在两天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。(具体地谈这项工作) 不定式作主语时,通常用形式主语 it 于句首,把不定式置于句尾,使句子平稳,以避免头重脚轻。动名词作主语用后置形式的情况远不及不定式那么普遍,常限于 good,
3、 use, a waste of time 等词的后面。 It is impossible to finish the job in two days. It is no good/ use having a car if you cant drive.如果你不会开车,有车也没用。It is a waste of time watching TV.看电视是浪费时间。2 在 There is no句型中,常用动名词作主语。There is no saying what will happen. 无法估计将会发生什么事。There is no use making an excuse for th
4、is.为这事编造借口没用。. 不定式和动名词作宾语的用法比较: 有些及物动词后面只能接动名词作宾语,不能接不定式,常见的有: finish, enjoy, admit, appreciate, avoid, mind(介意), delay, dislike, escape, excuse, miss (错过), risk, practise, understand, imagine, suggest, stand (忍受),deny, fancy, keep, get down to(着手干), put off (推迟), pay attention to, look forward to,
5、cant help (不禁),feel likeIm sorry I missed seeing you while in Shanghai.很遗憾,我在上海时没看到你。He suggested discussing the problem at the class meeting.他建议在班会上讨论这个问题。Would you mind closing the window?你介意把窗户关上吗?Will you admit having broken the window?你承不承认打破了窗户了?He avoided giving us a definite answer.他避免给我们一个肯
6、定的回答。I was afraid to let the boy risk climbing the tree.我不敢让这个男孩冒险爬那棵树。I couldnt help crying when I heard the news.听到这个消息我不禁哭起来。 有些动词后面既可以接动名词,也可以接不定式作宾语,其意义基本一样,如:begin, start, continue, hate, like, love, 但 like, love 和 would 或 should 连用时,接不定式作宾语。We began making /to make plans for the work.我们开始制定工作
7、计划。I like playing/to play the piano.我喜欢弹钢琴。He continued working/ to work as if nothing had happened.他继续工作就好像什么事都没发生过。Would you like to go shopping with me?你愿意和我去购物吗? 有些动词后面既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语,但意义不同。如:mean to do sth. 打算干某事3mean doing 意味着I didnt mean to hurt you.我没打算伤害你。Missing the bus means waiting for a
8、n hour.误了车就意味着等一个小时。stop to do sth.停下来去做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事I was lost and had to stop to ask the way.我迷路了只好停下来问路。They stopped talking.他们停止了谈话。go on to do sth. (做完一件事之后)接着做(另一件事)go on doing sth.继续做某事After learning history, we went on to learn geography.学完历史之后,我们接着学地理。You shouldnt go on living thi
9、s way.你不应当继续过这样的生活了。try to do sth. 试图做某事try doing sth.试试做某事(往往表示某种方法或方式)Lets try knocking at the back door.咱们敲敲后边的门试试。We tried to solve the problem.我们努力想解决这个问题。forget, regret, remember 后接不定式表示尚未发生的动作,接动名词表示已经发生的动作。I forgot to write him a letter.我忘了给他写信。( 以前没写信)I forgot writing him a letter.我忘了以前曾写信给
10、他。 (曾写过信)I remember seeing you before. 我记得以前见过你。( 曾见过)Please remember to write to me.请记住要给我写信。 (目前还没写)I regretted speaking to them about it.我后悔跟他们讲过那件事。 (以前讲过)4I regret to tell you that you didnt pass the exam.我遗憾地告诉你,你考试没及格。 (以前没告诉过你)be used to do sth. 被用来做be used to doing sth. 习惯于做We are used to g
11、oing to bed early.我们习惯于早睡。Wood can be used to make paper.木材可以用来造纸。cant help (to)do sth. 不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth. 不禁We cant help to solve the problem.我们不能帮助解决这个问题。On hearing the news, we couldnt help laughing. 一听到这个消息,我们忍不住大笑起来。有些动词后面直接跟动词作宾语时,要用动名词形式,如果后面有名词或代词宾语,然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时,其宾语补足语用带 to 的不定式。如:
12、allow, permit, advise, forbid, considerWe dont allow smoking here.我们这里不允许吸烟。We dont allow them to smoke.我们不允许他们吸烟。He advised having a rest.他建议休息。He advised me to have a rest.他建议我休息。I considered going to Canada.我考虑去加拿大。I consider him to be honest.我认为他诚实。need, require, want 表示主语“需要(被作某种处置)”,其后接动名词的主动式
13、或不定式的被动式均可。The bridge needs/ requires/ wants repairing.=The bridge needs/ requires/ wants to be repaired.这个桥梁需要修一修了。5介词(除 but 以外)后面的动词一律用动名词形式。but 与 no, not any, all 等词连用时为介词,但其后面的动词用不定式,如果 but 前面有实义动词 do 的任何形式,则 but 后面用动词原形,否则,就用不定式形式。They are interested in singing.他们爱好唱歌。( 动名词 singing 作介词 in 的宾语)H
14、e did nothing but cry.他什么也没做,只是哭。(but 前面有实义动词 did, 所以 but 后面要接动词原形)I had no choice but to cry.我别无办法,只好哭。(but 前面没有实义动词 do,所以 but 后面要跟不定式形式)有些动词后面只能跟不定式作宾语,不能接动名词,如:wish, hope, expect, offer, manage, decide, refuse, agree, pretend, promise, seem, failI dont wish to be disturbed in my work.我不愿在工作中被打搅。W
15、e managed to get there in time.我们设法及时到了那里。He pretended to be reading a book.他假装在读书。They promised to get up early.他们答应早起床。He refused to do that job.他拒绝做那工作。 “疑问词+不定式” 结构,(what, where, whether, who, whom, how, when + 不定式),可用作主语、宾语、表语等,其中以作宾语最为普遍,这一结构一般可转换成该疑问词引导的从句。It hasnt been decided where to go. 还
16、没决定到哪里去。(主语)I found out where to buy fruit cheaper.我找到了廉价买水果的地方。(宾语)The question is what to write about.问题是应写什么。(表语) 动名词、不定式和分词作表语的用法比较:动名词和不定式都可以作表语,一般来讲,在表示比较抽象笼统的一般行为时多用动名词,在表示具体某次动作,特别是将来动作时,多用不定式,有时两者都可以用,在意思上没多大区别。My job is typing letters and papers.我的工作就是打信件和文件。(打信件和文件是我日常的工作)6The next step is to disc