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1、河南科技大学硕士学位论文基于机器视觉的轴承钢球表面缺陷检测姓名：宋晓霞申请学位级别：硕士专业：机械制造及其自动化指导教师：杨建玺20091201摘要 I论文题目： 基于机器视觉的轴承钢球表面缺陷检测 论文题目： 基于机器视觉的轴承钢球表面缺陷检测 专 业： 机械制造及其自动化 专 业： 机械制造及其自动化 研 究 生： 宋晓霞 研 究 生： 宋晓霞 指导教师： 杨建玺 指导教师： 杨建玺 摘要 摘要 机器视觉技术是近几年发展很快的图像工程技术，对钢球表面缺陷的检测是其用于工业生产的一次重要尝试，有很重要的实际意义。 目前，国内多数钢球生产厂家仍采用人工目视对钢球进行检测，即大批的工人在白炽灯下
2、用目视的方法对钢球进行检测，并对其进行简单的分级，这种方法不但误差大而且易受个人主观因素的影响，不同人的检测差别较大，即便是同一个人在不同的时期检测标准也会有所差别，这样可能导致分选出的钢球质量良莠不齐，产品出口或外销时将会大大降低产品的价格和与国外产品的竞争性，并且长期在强光下工作，不仅对人眼的伤害很大，而且容易使人产生视觉误差，导致对缺陷钢球的漏检、误检。 针对人工目视的种种缺陷和不足，提出了基于机器视觉的轴承钢球在线缺陷检测，即利用摄像头来代替人的眼睛获取钢球的信息，利用计算机来储存信息和处理信息，用这种方式获取和储存的信息都是二维信息，运用计算机及相应的软件编程将二维信息转换成三维的数
3、据，并最终检测出钢球的全部表面缺陷。 自主搭建了实验平台，根据检测要求设计了两条相互垂直的轨道，其上安装的 CCD 摄像机可采集动态的钢球表面图像，经数字化处理、分析、和识别，最终计算出钢球表面的缺陷面积，并将钢球进行分级。为了克服钢球易反光，表面图像效果不佳的缺陷，自行设计制造了光源系统，采用红色 LED 漫射光源，拱形碗状结构，避免了外界光源的干扰，得到清晰真实的钢球图像；利用彩色图像的 RGB 值特征，分析缺陷点和非缺陷点各自的 RGB 值特征，找到了缺陷提取的新方法，编程实现了钢球表面缺陷的快速、准确提取与计算。根据钢球平面图像与实际图像间的关系，去掉重复部分图像，重构了空间三维的钢球
4、图像，使最终所计算出的缺陷面积与实际缺陷面积更加一致。 河南科技大学硕士学位论文 II关 键 词：关 键 词：钢球表面缺陷，机器视觉，RGB 特征提取，缺陷检测，漫射光源，三维重构 论文类型：论文类型：应用基础研究 摘要 IIISubject: The Steel Balls Surface Defect Detection Based on Machine Vision Specialty: Machine Manufacture and Automation Name: Song Xiaoxia Supervisor: Yang Jianxi ABSTRACT In recent year
5、s，machine vision technology is the fastest developing image engineering technology. The defect detection of steel balls surface is an important attempt for its application in industrial production and has important practical significance. At present, the majority steel ball manufacturers at domestic
6、 are still using human vision to check the steel balls. That is, a large number of workers use the visual method for the detection of steel balls under incandescent lamps, and then conduct a simple classification of them. This approach is not only with a significant inaccuracy but is susceptible to
7、subjective factors. Different people have different testing standards. Even the same person at different times will have different testing standards. This may lead to different qualities of classified steel balls. Thus, when the products are exported, it will greatly reduce the products prices and c
8、ompetitiveness with foreign products. Moreover, facing the light for a long time not only causes harm to the eyes, but also brings collimation error easily, which may result in missed or false detects of defective steel balls. Concerning the deficiencies and shortcomings of human vision, this thesis
9、 proposes an online detection of bearing steel balls based on machine vision technology. That is, to use a camera instead of eyes to obtain the steel balls information. It also means using computers to store and process information. In this way, the accessed and stored information is all two-dimensi
10、onal information. Then this information is converted into three-dimensional data by using a computer and corresponding software for programming. And finally, all the steel balls surface defects are detected. Experimental platforms are established independently. Two perpendicular tracks are designed
11、according to the testing requirements. The CCD camera which is installed in the tracks can collect dynamic images of the steel balls surface. After digital processing, analysis and identification, the area of defects is calculated and the steel 河南科技大学硕士学位论文 IVballs are graded. A light source system
12、is designed independently which adopts the red LED diffused light source and the arched bowl structure in order to overcome the defects of the steel balls reflective surface and ineffective surface image. This also avoids the interference of external light source and obtains a clear and real image.
13、This thesis also uses the characteristics value of colorful images RGB component , analyzes the RGB characteristics value of defect points and non-defect points respectively, and has found a new method for defect extraction. The programming has realized fast accurate extraction and calculation for s
14、teel balls surface defect. The overlapped images are eliminated according to the relationship of the steel balls plane image and actual image. And the steel balls three-dimensional images are also reconstructed, making the ultimately calculated defect area more consistent with the actual defect area
15、. KEY WORDS: steel ball surface defects, machine vision, RGB feature extraction, diffuse reflection light source, three-dimensional reconstruction Dissertation Type: fundamental research 第 1 章 绪论 1第1章 绪论 第1章 绪论 1.1 引言 1.1 引言 1.1.1 我国钢球制造发展的历史 我国钢球制造发展的历史 我国钢球工业自 1948 年生产出第一批产品至今已有 61 年的历史，在钢球制造方面，1991 年以前主要靠引进和购买德国、日本的技术和生产线，还没有自己的行业标准。1991 年以后在大批引进国外的仪器、设备、技术的基础上，我国钢球的制造技术也有了明显的
