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1、1MBA 联考阅读理解应试教程 A Course of MBA Reading Comprehension 第五节 理解文章中的举例与引用 为了使自己的观点更有说服力,更加明确,作者常常使用一些具体的实例(包括比喻),或引用名人名言,论断或他人的发现. 作者的目的是借以说明自己的观点. 试题设计者往往以此设计问题,成为提问的焦点. 例 21 2002 年全国 MBA 入学联考英语试题阅读部分第二篇文章 _ Suppose you go into a fruiterers shop, wanting an apple you take up one, and on biting it you f
2、ind it is sour; you look at it, and see that it is hard and green. You take up another one, and that, too, is hard, green, and sour. The shopman offers you a third; but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it mus
3、t be sour, like those that you have already tried. Nothing can be more simple than that, you think; but if you will take the trouble to analyze and trace out into its logical elements that has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprised. In the first place you have performed the operation o
4、f induction. You find that, in two experiences, hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness. It was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the second. True, it is a very small basis, but still it is enough from which to make an induction; you generalized the facts, and you ex
5、pect to find sourness in apples where you get hardness and greenness. You found upon that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, so far as it goes, is a perfect induction. Well, having got your natural law in this way, when you are offered another apple which you find it h
6、ard and green, you say, “All hard and green apples are sour; this apple is hard and green; therefore, this apple is sour.“ That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogism (三段论法), and has all its various parts and terms its major premises, its minor premises, and conclusion. And, by the he
7、lp of further reasoning, which, if drawn out, would have to be exhibited in two or three other syllogisms, you arrive at your final determination. “I will not have that apple.“ So that, you see, you have, in the first place, established a law by induction, and upon that you have founded a deduction,
8、 and reasoned out the special particular case. Well now, suppose, having got your conclusion of the law, that at some times afterwards, you are discussing the qualities of apple with a friend; you will say to him, “It is a very curious thing, but I find that all hard and green apples are sour!“ Your
9、 friend says to you, “But how do you know that “ You at once apply, “Oh, because I have tried them over and over again, and have always found them to be so.“ Well, if we were talking science instead of common sense, we should call that an experimental verification. And, if still opposed, you go furt
10、her, and say, “I have heard from people. In Somersetshire and Devonshire, where a large number of apples are grown, and in London, where many apples are sold and eaten, that they have observed the same thing. It is also found to be the case in Normandy, and in North America. In short, I find it to b
11、e the universal experience of mankind wherever attention has been directed to the subject.“ Whereupon, your friend, unless he is a very unreasonable man, agrees with you, and is perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive verifications have been made, and results of the same kin
12、d arrived at that the more varied the conditions under which the same results are attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further. He sees that the experiment has been tried under all sorts of conditions, as to time, place, and people, with the same res
13、ult; and he says with you, therefore, that the law you have laid down must be a good one, and he must believe it. 55. Apples are used _. A._in order to convince the reader that fruit has no intellect B._ to illustrate the subject of the passage C._ to give color to the story D._ to show how foolish
14、logic is 作者主要想解释逻辑上归纳法(induction)和演绎法(deduction),作者没有从理论上来解释什么是归纳法和演绎法,而是通 过吃苹果这个例子加以解释.因此问题的答案应是选项 B(阐释文章的主题). 例 22 2003 年全国 MBA 入学联考英语试题阅读部分第一篇文章 A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to d
15、emonstrate an electrochemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work. After observing the demonstrations closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly, “Its a fascinating demonstration, young man, 2but just what practical application will come of this “ “I dont know,“ replied Farada
16、y, “but I do know that 100 years from now youll be taxing them.“ From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inv
