英语报英语报 写作系列之十五写作系列之十五““举例举例””的表示法的表示法英语写作中,为了说明问题,我们常常要给出实际的例子对前面的话进行解释或阐述 在这样的语言环境中,我们使用最多的时介词词组 for example 和 for instance下面我们看 看除了这两个词组外,引出例子时我们还可以使用哪些替代的词或词组 1.使用 for example该词组举例时用得最为广泛例如: A lot of people here, for example, John, would rather have coffee. 这儿的许多人宁愿喝咖 啡,比如约翰就是这样 Many great men have risen from poverty---Lincoln and Edison, for example. 许多伟人由贫 穷崛起,例如林肯喝爱迪生 Offices can easily become more environmentally-friendly by, for example, using recyclable paper. 办公室很容易变得更为有利于环保,比如说,用再生纸 2.使用介词词组 for instance该词组在举例时,用的频率仅次于 for example。
请看例句: There are many things I would like to learn; for instance, how to swim. 我想学很多东西,比 如游泳 You can’t depend on her; for instance, she arrived late for an important meeting yesterday. 你 不可能相信她,比如昨天那样一个重要的会议她迟到了 Why shouldn’t we go abroad together, for instance? 比方说,为什么我们不能一道出国呢?If you were to go abroad for a year, to Italy, for instance, you would get a different perspective on your own culture. 如果你出国旅游一年,例如到意大利,你将会对自己的文化获 得一种新的看法 3.使用 such as该词组的意思是“像……那样的” 、 “例如” 、 “诸如” 使用时,可将 such 和 as 分 开例如: Boys such as John and James are very friendly. 像约翰恶化詹姆斯这样的孩子对人是非常 友好的。
Mineral resources such as iron, gold and magnetite are abundant on the peninsula. 在这个半 岛上矿产资源,如铁、金、菱镁矿是很丰富的 4. 使用 e.g. 这是一个拉丁词的缩写形式,主要用于书面语,更口语化的表达是 for example 和 such as例如: We are encouraged to eat food which contains a lot of fibre, e.g. fruit, vegetables and bread. 我们应当多吃富含纤维的食物,例如,水果、蔬菜喝面包 She put on the table some sweet food, e.g. cake, chocolate, sugar, and ice cream. 桌上她放 着各种甜食,例如蛋糕、巧克力、糖和冰淇淋 Reasonable work expenses, e.g. trade union subscriptions, fares, and overalls, will be taken into account. 合理得工作开支,如工会会费、车费和工作服都考虑在内。
5.使用动词 say say 或 let’s say 的意思是“比如说” ,是提出一个建议或估计什么使用时,前后用 逗号将其与其他单词分开例如: Any student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with, say, an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money. 任何学生只要有老年学的专门知识,又有一 个学位,例如工商管理学硕士或法律学位,就如同有印制钞票的许可证一般 You learn to play the violin in, say, three years. 你可以,比如说,在三年内学会拉小提琴I’d like to advise you to learn a foreign language, say English. 我像建议你学一门外语,比 如说英语 Let’s go and visit the place, say tomorrow or the day after tomorrow. 咱们去参观一下这个 地方,譬如说明天或后天去。
6.使用 particularly该词实际上是对前面内容的细化,即前面要么是总体概述,要们是泛泛而谈使用 particularly 就非常具体地让听话者明白说话人的重点例如: Rice grows well in their county, particularly in their village. 他们县里的稻谷长得很好,他 们村的尤其好 All of my arithmetic problems are hard, particularly this one. 我所有的算术题都很难,特 别是这一题 Andrew made a long and thorough examination, particularly of the eyes. 安德鲁做了一次长 久彻底的检查,特别是眼睛 7.使用 especially 该词的用法与 particularly 非常相似,听话人直接就可以捕捉到话语的重点: especially 后面的内容例如: The temptation to steal is greater than ever before, especially in large shops. 偷窃的诱惑力 比以往任何时候更强烈了,在大商店里尤其如此。
A computer crash can be very costly, especially if it happens toward the end of processing a large amount of data. 计算机死机,尤其是快要处理完大量数据时死机,会造成惨重 的损失 I love Italy, especially in summer. 我喜欢意大利,尤其是夏天的意大利 I like the book very much, especially the last part. 我非常喜欢这本书,特别是最后一章 8. 使用 in particular该词组也是对前面内容的细化,以它突出后面的内容例如: You should eating fat meat, pork in particular. 你应该避免吃肥肉,尤其是猪肉 Many people, students in particular, have a great interest in spoken English. 很多人,特别 是学生,对英语口语十分感兴趣 All the boys played well and Bill in particular. 所有的孩子都打得不错,特别是比尔。
9.使用词组 take …for example 或 take …as an example To illustrate this, we take temperature for example. 为了说明问题,我们举温度为例子 Now let’s take addition for example and see how the binary calculation is carried. 现在让我 们以加法为例,看看二进位计算是如何进行的 These two forms of energy may be transformed one into the other. Now we take a waterfall as an example. 这两种形式的能量可以转换现在我们以瀑布为例 10. 使用“An example is +名词词组”句型或“名词词组+be+an example”句型This operation can be applicable to very small-scale weather modification. A good example is the prevention of local frost damage to a garden or orchard by heating. 这种操作可 适用于很小的人工影响天气。
这方面一个成功的例子是通过加热防止花园或果园 的局地霜冻 The example would be steam over a hot cup. 这方面的例子可举热水杯上的雾气 The excess of water vapor condenses into visible moisture. Steam over a hot cup is an example. 过量的水汽凝结成可见的水雾,热水杯冒出的雾气即是一例 11. 使用词组 a case in point 该词组可以用在系动词 be 之后,也可以用在句首作主语例如: I tell you he is selfish. His unwillingness to help his friends is a case in point. 我告诉你他 很自私,不愿意帮助朋友就是一个很明显的例子 Lack of communication causes serious problems and their marriage is a case in point. 缺乏 交流灰导致严重的问题,他们的婚姻就是这样一个情况。