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1、 内蒙古工业大学硕士学位论文 摘摘 要要 化石能源的大量应用是人类物质文明飞速发展的基础， 而化石能源的有限储量和日益枯竭的趋势，以及随之而来日益加剧的环境污染，使得新型替代能源及清洁能源的开发与大规模应用已经迫在眉睫。太阳能凭借分布广泛、储量巨大、无需运输等优点成为新能源的重要部分，太阳能光伏发电的能量转化过程更为简便，直接将太阳辐射能转化为电能，因而在近些年得以迅速发展。 本文的具体工作在内蒙古工业大学风能太阳能省部共建重点实验室开展， 主要针对影响太阳能光伏发电的因素进行相应的理论、实验研究，及模拟计算。 本文研究了局部阴影对光伏组件性能的影响。 占组件面积 10%的阴影遮挡可以导致 8
2、0%甚至更高的功率损失，遮挡面积达到 20%及以上时，组件的输出功率几乎为零。相同面积的阴影遮挡时，集中遮挡造成的组件输出特性衰减远大于分散遮挡，而且遮挡越分散造成组件输出特性的衰减越小；阴影在不同的电池子串组上分布均匀时，特性曲线趋势正常，分布不均匀时，子串组间电流不均衡，使得组件 I-V 曲线呈阶梯状，P-V 曲线出现多峰；在被遮挡的单体电池上，阴影所占的面积比例越大，组件的功率损失越大。 本文研究了表面积灰对光伏组件性能的影响。测试积灰对玻璃样片透光率的影响，积累灰尘的时间越长造成的透光率衰减越大，在 3502750nm 光谱范围上衰减明显，水平面上积累 30 天灰尘时玻璃的透光率平均衰
3、减 21.8%，40 天时平均衰减45.5%。 光伏组件盖板表面积累的灰尘越多， 组件的功率损失越大， 积灰量为 5.65g/m2时，功率损失达到 15.2%。 本文研究了安装角度及调节方式对光伏组件采光效率的影响。 由实验得出呼和浩特地区光伏阵列七、八、九月份最佳安装倾角分别为 4 、18 、36 ，与 RETScreen模拟出的相应倾角几乎完全吻合。 由 RETScreen 模拟分析， 安装在呼和浩特地区的光伏阵列应当半年调节一次倾角，四月至九月阵列倾角为 16 ，十月至次年三月阵列倾角调节为 59 ，这样既可以提高采光效率，又不会大幅增加安装维护成本和运行工作量。 关键词：光伏发电，光伏
4、组件，I-V 特性，P-V 特性 内蒙古工业大学硕士学位论文 AbstractAbstract Application of fossil energy is the basis of the rapid development of human material civilization. The limited reserves of fossil fuels increasingly dried up, and the resulting growing environmental pollution, have made people pay more attention to the
5、 present situation and the development of the energy. The new alternative energy and clean energy development and large-scale application is imminent. Solar energy with wide distribution, huge reserves, without transport advantages to become an important part of new energy. Photovoltaic(PV) energy c
6、onversion process simpler, will the sun radiant energy into electrical energy directly, and developed rapidly in recent years. In this paper, the specific work in Inner Mongolia industrial university key laboratory for wind and solar energy province department of project, and is aimed at influencing
7、 factors of solar photovoltaic power generation the corresponding theory and experimental study, and simulation calculation. This paper studies the performance of the PV modules under the partially shaded conditions. 10% shading of the PV module can result in 80% or even higher power losses, 20% or
8、more shading, the output power of the PV module is almost zero. Shaded by the same area of the shadow, the characteristics of the PV modules under centralized shading is much worse than scattered shading, and the more dispersed the less attenuation. The characteristics curves trend is normal under u
9、niform shading on substring groups, the current imbalance between substring groups under non-uniform shading, and the modules appear staircase I-V curves and multi-peak P-V curves. The shading ratio on the shaded cells is the greater the Pm of the module is smaller, the greater power loss. This pape
10、r studies the performance of the PV modules with dust deposition on the surface. Test the light transmittance of the glass sample which is dust accumulated, the longer dust accumulation, the more attenuation of the light transmittance. The obvious attenuation spectrum is the range of 3502750nm, 30 d
11、ays dust accumulation on the surface of the glass caused transmittance attenuation by 21.8% averagely, and 40 days attenuation by 45.5% averagely. The more dust accumulated on the surface of the PV modules, the more the power loss, the amount of dust is 5.65 g/m2, the power loss up to 15.2%. 内蒙古工业大学
12、硕士学位论文 This paper studies the impact on the efficiency of the PV modules with different installation angles and the adjustment ways. Experiments shows that the PV arrays should be installed by 4 ,18 ,36 as the best angle in July、August and September, in Hohhot region. The RETScreen almost perfectly
13、match the corresponding angles. By the RETScreen analysis simulation, the installation angle of PV arrays should be adjusted half a year in Hohhot region. Its 16 from April to September, and 59 from October to March the following year. The way improves the efficiency of lighting, and doesnt increase
14、 much cost of installation and maintenance and operation. Key words：Photovoltaic，PV module，I-V characteristics；P-V characteristics 内蒙古工业大学硕士学位论文 目目 录录 第一章 绪论 . 1 1.1 能源现状 . 1 1.1.1 世界能源发展与现状 . 1 1.1.2 中国能源现状 . 2 1.1.3 太阳能资源分布 . 3 1.2 太阳能光伏发电的应用及研究现状 . 5 1.2.1 国内外应用现状 . 5 1.2.2 国内外研究现状 . 6 1.3 课题主要工作内容 . 7 第二章 光伏组件的输出特性 . 8 2.1 光伏组件的负载特性 . 8 2.1.1 光伏电池等效电路 . 8 2.1.2 光伏组件负载特性 . 9 2.1.3 光伏组件特性曲线及参数 . 9 2.2 组件特性曲线测试 .
