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1、Argument 逻辑错误攻击模版逻辑错误攻击模版攻击无效调查模版句（规模、数量、方式、时间等）攻击无效调查模版句（规模、数量、方式、时间等）这类错误最常见也十分简单。应该做到对这类错误最常见也十分简单。应该做到对 survey/study/report/poll 等字眼很敏等字眼很敏感，一看到这些单词就一定说明它有问题，在分析感，一看到这些单词就一定说明它有问题，在分析 argument 题目时要养成这题目时要养成这样样“良好良好”的习惯。请按照如下模版操作的习惯。请按照如下模版操作4 p : U; 攻击采访对象模版句攻击采访对象模版句9 G I% w I0 O9 LLacking info
2、rmation about the number of employees surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the resuls.c）For example, if 200 employees were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that would be highly suspect. m2 od）Because the argument offers no evidence that woul
3、d rule out these interpretations, the results of the survey are insufficient to support the conclusion.Model23 v7 a2 w) : |) |6 6 aa)The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative/reliable.: _ v. v$ 6 R0 Y“ Gb)# q( G5 V. s- j3 IThe claim dose not indicate who conducted the poll, who res
4、ponded, or how the poll was conducted.9 l) o. C v9 D I$ D2 XThe evidence that the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn form it.(One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion.) Unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of A, the conclusion is com
5、pletely unwarranted. In fact in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.Model2Samples for the survey should be statistically reliable. Unfortunately, from the survey we find little sign of such procedures for sampling, thus doubting whether the respondents const
6、itute a sufficiently large sample so as to be representative of the overall population of the nation. 攻击随机性模版句攻击随机性模版句Model1$ + r6 w9 o“ Since the arguer makes a claim about, in general, samples for the survey should be able to represent all. However, from the survey quoted in this argument, we find
7、 no sign of such procedures for random samplings, and have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general altitude of as a whole.Model2# , _ _( L: r. Z# mForm the survey we find little sign of such procedures for random sampling, thus doubting whether the respond
8、ents are representative of the overall population of the nation. If the subjects are only limited to a certain city or geographic region, the results of the survey will be unconvincing.3 $ a0 . e. 0 |) m0 z 攻击无理假设模版句攻击无理假设模版句. ) D6 G4 v h1 a% t, vModel1a)+ A6 y6 E _2 j8 w“ h7 The author assumes that
9、 will,/A is necessary to B. K6 t* p1 w/ q% R9 Wb)However, this is not necessarily the case, /no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption.c)It is possible that./Perhaps.Model2a)The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption thatb)# U; _; % h- O$ w) 1 KIn fact/Actually, this
10、is not necessarily the case.9 v9 7 Q AFor example, it is most likely that +d)Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.2 e4 D* _( g1 5 R) w4 P: , x A 攻击因果关系模版句攻击因果关系模版句 M9 q1 ) O f$ TModel14 E/ 0 * x$ _# M0 T4 H; V+ c8 Qa)( M$ . - C o4 S6 ?The author commits the “Af
11、ter Of This, Therefore, Because Of This” fallacy.0 a: T“ A+ R9 I7 t4 Eb)- m N6 5 N0 h. z3 tThe author assumes that A caused B.c)The line of the reasoning is that because A before B, the former event causes the latter.* Y# 1 ; Q1 X( 7 A) ( G3 * jd)! v# / J: W: T“ YBut this is fallacious reasoning unl
12、ess other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out.0 h E“ s# X! C2 xe)For example, perhaps A1 is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by A25 f ?1 d: K1 L N) BModel2a)The author uses the statistical relationship/positive correlation between A and B to establish caus
13、ality.b)- i! X8 n0 z9 o1 QHowever, the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A causes.c)# C3 4 7 $ I “ k! 8 SThere may be other factors that could have caused B/contributed to B.d) r$ t- z9 s/ O4 v! Y+ _6 ZThe author fails to establish a causal relationship between the fact A
14、and the claim B.b)This argument is unacceptable if there is no compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events.c)2 |: 0 G( u l+ C3 s: J7 : A6 P1 |- * Y, LModelThe author appreciates whos strong commitment to something to some extent. However, we know the fact that to make a co
15、mmitment is one thing, to keep it is far more difficult. There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise. As a consequence, the author could not make any prediction. 攻击非此即彼模版句（二选一，忽略其他同类）攻击非此即彼模版句（二选一，忽略其他同类）0 m; Q8 Z8 J1 m$ U- FModel( A0 F. W3 U+ “ N* U9 _- Y) J4 _The authors recommendation rests on the unlikely assumption that the company has only two alternatives and In all likelihood can engage one of many other instead. Thus, to some extent the author recommends over not just but over any other the recommendation is unwarranted.
