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1、英语句子的基本语序英语句子的基本语序英语和其他屈折语一样，都是主谓宾语序的 定语状语，根据使用结构的不同以及考虑句子平衡，前置后置都很多，一般短 的前置，长而复杂的以从句形式后置。英语顺装句即“主语或主语部分在前，谓语或谓语部分在后” 例如，Martin and Jill are standing near some machines. Jill is very angry. Her five pence piece is in a machine but the coffee still is not out. 从句中的语序陈述句语序A 限制性和非限制性定语从句 （*）定定语语从从句句及及相
2、相关关术术语语 1】.定定语语从从句句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2】.关关系系词词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 where, when, why 等。关关系系词词常常有有 3 个个作作用用：1，引引导导定定语语从从句句。 2，代代替替先先行行词词。3，在在定定语语从从句句中中担担当当一一个个成成分分 。一一、关关系系代代词词（在在 从从句句中中
3、作作主主语语、宾宾语语或或定定语语）1. that 既可代表事物也可代表人， which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语， that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which 在从句中作宾语也可以省略。 eg：this is the book （which）you want。而且，如果 which 在从句中作 “不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which 的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 （见“注意”）2. which 作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which 之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用 which，但在带有下列词的
4、句子中用 that 而不用 which，这些词包括当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing , none 等不定代词时，或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时等，这时的 that 常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 ,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时 .以及先行词中既有人又有物时 .还有句中前面有 which 时,都只能用 that4. who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom 作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. whos
5、e 是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物 , 当它引导的从句修饰物体时 , 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。二二、关关系系副副词词（在在 从从句句中中作作状状语语）关关系系副副词词=介介词词+关关系系代代词词why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配 )when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配 )1. where 是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。2. when 引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是， 表表示示时时间间“time“一一词词的的
6、定定语语从从句句只只用用 when 引引导导，有有时时不不用用任任何何关关系系代代词词，当当然然也也不不用用 that 引引导导。 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。3. 当
7、从句的逻辑主语是 some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything 或 nothing 时，常用 there is 来引导There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。3】.定定语语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，
8、作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。4】.先先行行词词：被限制或修饰的主句的主语。 5】非非限限定定性性定定语语从从句句1) 例如：This is the house which we bought last month.（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.。 （非限制性）2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.My
9、house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
10、4) 有时 as 也可用作关系代词由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句， as 和 which 可代整个主句，相当于 and this 或 and that。这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1） as 引引导导的的定定语语从从句句可可置置于于句句首首，而而which 不不可可。 (2） as 代代表表前前面面的的整整个个主主句句并并在在从从句句中中作作主主语语时时，从从句句中中的的谓谓语语必必须须是是系系动动词词；若若为为行行为为动动词词，则则从从句句中中的的关关系系代代词词只只能能用用which.。 As 的用法例
11、1. the same as；suchas 中的 as 是一种固定结构 , 和一样。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句，常带有 正如。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. As 是关系代词。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；例 2 中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know 要用被动式。As we know, smoking is harmful
12、to ones health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 5). 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词 why 和关系代词 that，而用用 who, whom 代表人，用代表人，用 which,whose 代表事物代表事物.注注意意介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词 +关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once st
13、udied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talk
14、ed.注意：1. 含含有有介介词词的的动动词词短短语语一一般般不不拆拆开开使使用用，如如： look for, look after, take care of 等等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T正确)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F错误)2. 若若介介词词放放在在关关系系代代词词前前，关关系系代代词词指指人人时时用用whom，不不可可用用 who 或或者者 that；指指物物时时用用 which，不不能能用用 that；关关系系代代词词是是所所有有格格时
15、时用用 whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介介词词+关关系系代代词词”前前可可有有 some, any, none, both, all, neithe
16、r, most, each, few 等等代代词词或或者者数数词词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.关系词关系代词（一般情况下） that 可用 who ,whom 和 which 在从句做主，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语which 指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语；who 在从句中作主语； whom 在从句中宾语；whose 做定语。where 在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做 地地点点状状语语；when 在从句中通常修饰表时
