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1、句子成分和句子结构1句子成分和句子结构句子成分和句子结构-认识英语句子的构成认识英语句子的构成一、句子成分一、句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分主要有主语、谓语、宾语、同位语、定语、主语、谓语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语、补足语、呼语和插入语状语、补足语、呼语和插入语等。构成句子的主要部分是主语和谓语。表语、宾语和补足语是谓语的组成部分。其他成分如定语、状语、同位语是句子的次要成分。1主语主语主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者，常用的作主语的词类有：名词（短语） 、代词、数词、名词化的形容词，不定式（短语） 、动名词（短语）和从句。George is a born leader. （名
2、词）Nobody knew what had happened. （代词）Two of us will attend the conference tomorrow. （数词）The young are always willing to accept new things. （名词化的形容词）To go the bed early and to get up early is a good habit. （不定式短语）Losing his new MP4 made Tom very sad. （动名词短语）What we cant get seems better than what we
3、have. （名词性从句）2.谓语谓语谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态，谓语动词有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。Father cooks very well. My sister has worked in the company for five years.Our school is becoming more beautiful.The World Expo is well organized.3.宾语宾语英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。双宾语又分为直接宾语和间接宾语。凡能做主语的词、短语或从句都可以作宾语。（1）单宾语（宾语）单宾语（宾语）可以作宾语的成分主要有名词（
4、短语） 、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分词、不定式（短语） 、动名词（短语） 、从句等。I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up? （名词、代词）If you put 5 and 7 together, youll get 12, little Tom. （代词）句子成分和句子结构2We should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）Remember to tell him to come. （不定式）Please stop making noise. （动名词）Do you understand
5、what I mean? （名词性从句）（2）双宾语双宾语双宾语指动词后面接指人和物的两个宾语。指人的宾语叫间接宾语，指物的宾语叫直接宾语。其结构为：主语主语 + 及物动词（短语）及物动词（短语） + sb. + sth.Please tell me how the accident came about.The teacher asked me a question too difficult to answer.（3）同源宾语同源宾语少数不及物动词后面能跟一个特定的名词作宾语，这个名词和前面的动词在词根上相同的或者在意义上是相近的，这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。同源宾语前面常有修饰语。laug
6、h a good laugh 大笑 blow a heavy blow 沉重的一击smile a sweet smile 甜甜的微笑 dream a terrible dream 做了一个恶梦die a brave death 死得英勇 live a happy life 过着幸福的生活4.表语表语表语与前面的系动词一起构成谓语，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。His father is an experienced teacher. （名词）She is over fifty, but she doesnt look it. （名词、代词）These students are car
7、eful while others are careless. （形容词）The class meeting was over at last. （副词）Be quiet; they are at work now. （介词短语）His hobby is collecting foreign stamps. （动名词短语）My wish is to become a doctor in the future. （不定式短语）The news of her success is really exciting. （现在分词） （已形容词化）That is where your mistakes
8、are. （名词性从句）5.定语定语定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。（1）前置定语前置定语可以充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词和名词所有格、动词的-ing 形式、动词的-ed 形式等。句子成分和句子结构3Many people have helped with (canned) food. （过去分词）Open (your) mouth and put out (your) tongue. （代词的所有格）She cut the cake into (two) pieces. （数词）I want to buy some (c
9、offee) cups. （名词）Put the child in the (sleeping) bag. （动名词）You should adapt to the (changing) situation. (现在分词)（2） 后置定语后置定语可以充当后置定语的有形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式（短语） ，动词的-ing 短语，动词的-ed 短语，从句等。All people (present at the party) were his supporters. (形容词短语)I have got something (interesting) to tell every one of you
10、. (形容词)The buildings (around) were badly damaged. (副词)The books (on the top shelf) were just bought. (介词短语)Lets try another way (to do this). (不定式)There is a gentleman (asking to see you). (现在分词短语)Most of the people (invited to the party) were famous scientists. (过去分词)He lost his new pen (that was b
11、ought last week). (定语从句)6. 同位语同位语在句中对某一成分作进一步的解释，说明，并且与其在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语常放在被说明的名词或代词的后面，可以用作同位语的有名词，代词，数词和从句等。The English Department has two foreign teachers, an Australian and an American. (名词)This term we each bought an e-dictionary. (代词)They three are all three-good students. (数词)The news
12、 that we are having a holiday is true. (同位语从句)7. 状语状语状语是用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或句子的一种句子成分。它可以表示时间，地点，方式，程度，原因，目的，结果，条件和让步等关系。可以充当状语的有副词，介词短语，不定式，分词， ，形容词，名词和从句。At the news, the mother stood there, greatly surprised. （介词短语、副词、形容词）They held the English party in the open air. （介词短语）句子成分和句子结构4Just wait a moment;
13、I am dressing myself. （名词）To hear more clearly, she sat in the front of the classroom. （不定式）Finishing all her homework, she surfed the Internet for a while. （现在分词短语）Seen from the top of the hill, the small city looks more beautiful. （过去分词短语）Dont leave here until you work out the math problem. （时间状语从
14、句）8. 补足语补足语补足语用来说明宾语或主语的性质，状态等的一种句子成分。名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，现在分词，过去分词，不定式等皆可以作补足语。I saw nobody so I left. （副词）Youd better keep the books on the desk. （现在分词）The mother didnt allow her daughter alone at night. （不定式）These things should be kept . （介词短语）The coming exam keeps me . （形容词短语）He was elected of the co
15、mpany. （名词）When he arrived, he found all the people . （过去分词）9. 独立成分独立成分与句子没有关系或关系不大，独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。感叹词，呼语和插入语是英语中常见的三种独立成分。（1）感叹词）感叹词 感叹词作独立成分多置于句首。Well, lets end the discussion!There, there! Never mind. Its nothing serious at all.(2) 呼语呼语呼语多独立成分可置于句首，句中或句末。Baby, come here to my side.Ladies and ge
16、ntleman, Ive got an important announcement to make.(3) 插入语插入语Whats more, their parents allow them to stay out.Nobody knows it, I think, nobody.To be honest, I knew nothing about it. (4) 悬垂分词悬垂分词 Generally speaking, the work was done well. Judging from your accent, you must be from Guangdong.句子成分和句子结构5二、五种基本句型二、五种基本句型英
