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1、1Unit 15 (II) 形容词和副词形容词和副词形容词形容词：表示人或事物的特征。形容词与其修饰语（如 very 等）以及附加成分（如介词短语、than 引导的比较结构）等一起构成形容词短语，在句中可用做定语、表语、宾语补足语等。形容词有原级、比较级和最高级三种形式。副词副词：表示行为或性质的特征。副词与其修饰语（如very等）以及附加成分（如than引导的比较结构等）一起构成副词短语，在句中用做各种状语、修饰语等，副词有原级、比较级和最高级三种形式。形容词和副词在句子成分中对比形容词和副词在句子成分中对比一、形容词在句中可作如下成分：1. 形容词做定语：说明名词的性质和特征，通常置于名词
2、前。如：In late winter there is always something exciting to happen.下列情况下，形容词通常置于所修饰的名称后面：a.修饰复合不定代词，b. afraid, alive, alone, asleep, awake. 等带前缀 a- 的形容词。如：“Is there anything wrong here?” he asked, being a man always afraid for his safely.下列形容词通常不用前置定语（只用做表语和宾语补足语）：带前缀 a-的形容词；几个表示健康状况的形容词（ill，well， unwe
3、ll 等） ，如：The girl who was very ill was found fast asleep at night. 2. 形容词作表语：形容词位于联系动词后，说明主语的性2质和特征。She is getting old.3. 宾语补足语：用于复合宾语及物动词的宾语后，说明宾语的性质和特征。We found it impossible to refuse his offer.4. 用作名词：下列三种形容词可加上定冠词用作名词：a. 指一类人：the old，the young b. 指某一民族的人：the English，the French，the Chinese c. 指抽
4、象概念： the bad，the best，the true，the worst如：The British always think the young should respect the old.二、副词可在句中作如下成分：1.状语：动词状语说明行为发生的时间、地点、方式、程度等，在句中的位置比较灵活，常置于句末，也可置于动词前（时间频度副词和程度副词等常如此）或句首。如：Yesterday his youngest son went abroad.They thought very highly of his work and rather liked him.全句状语说明说话者对所说内
5、容或说话方式的评论，或起连接上下文的作用，通常皆置于句首，后往往有逗号与全句隔开。如：Surely, nobody will believe what he said.Frankly, I dont think its of much use.2.修饰语：修饰形容词如：almost, fairly, perfectly, pretty, quite, 3rather, really, so, too, very, completely, highly, nearly等,置于形容词之前（仅enough一词除外）如：The box is a little too long but just wid
6、e enough to put the dictionary in.修饰副词通常表示程度，如：almost, fairly, perfectly, pretty, quite, rather, really, so, too, very等，置于副词前（仅enough一词除外）如：He got up quite early, so arrived there early enough to see him before he left.修饰介词短语仅表示程度，如：almost, completely, nearly, just, quite, right, well等置于介词前。如：She lo
7、oks just like her mother.修饰名词短语仅个别表示程度的副词（如quite, rather）可做名词的前置修饰语，但不少表示时间、地点的副词可做名词的后置修饰语。如：We has rather a hard time. The hill ahead was too high.3.其他做表语有的副词（如down, up, in, out, on, off, over等）可用于联系动词后。如；He has been down ever since he heard the bad news.做介词宾语有的表示时间、地点的副词可用在某些介词后做介词宾语。如：I had not
8、thought seriously of that till then.形容词和副词比较级的构成：形容词和副词比较级的构成：P551. 绝大多数单音节形容词是规则变化：4如： tall-taller-tallest short-shorter-shortestfine-finer-finest nice-nicer-nicestfree-freer-freest big-bigger-biggest fat-fatter-fattestshy-shier-shiest early-earlier-earliest注意：有的单音节形容词不用此方式候场比较等级形式，如：fond，glad，plea
9、sed，real，right，tired，wrong等。2. 许多多音节形容词（多以非重读元音结尾）如：tidy-tidier-tidiest narrow-narrower-narrowestable-abler-ablest bitter-bitterer-bitterestpolite-politer-politestquiet-quieter-quietest注意：上面除以-y 结尾的双音节词也可加 more，most 构成比较等级形式，且使用更广。用做形容词的 ing 分词及ed 分词，不可用此方式构成比较等级形式。3. 加 more，most多音节形容词handsome-more
10、handsome-most handsome双音节形容词narrow-more narrow-most narrow4. 不规则形式原级 比较级 最高级good better best5bad, ill worse worstfar farther(further) farther(further)old older(elder) older(elder)much, many more mostlittle less least副词的比较级：（参照形容词的比较等级）总的规律是：通常加more/most，不多的单音节副词等加词尾-er，-est构成。单音节 fast faster fastest
11、 个别双音节词 often oftener oftenest（更常加more，most）不规则变化 well better best badly worse worst形容词和副词比较等级的用法：（大致相同）形容词和副词比较等级的用法：（大致相同）1. 比较级 + than ：形容词或副词前可有 much, far, rather, hardly, still, even, a lot, a little, a bit, a good deal, no, any 等程度修饰语，如：He is (even) older than she (is) (or than her).He runs mu
12、ch faster than she.2. less + 比较级 + than：形容词或副词前可有 much, far, a lot 等修饰词。He is less old than she.He runs less faster than she.3. as +原级+ as：形容词或副词前可有 twice, three times, half, almost, nearly, just, exactly, quite 等修饰词。6He is as tall as she.He runs as fast as she.4. not so/as +原级+as：形容词或副词前可有 twice, a
13、lmost, nearly, just, exactly, quite 等修饰语。He is not so old as she.He doesnt run so fast as she.5. 比较级+and+比较级：“越来越”He is getting older and older.He runs faster and faster.6. The +比较级+the+比较级：“越就越”The older he is, the weaker he gets.The faster he runs, the harder he breathes.7. 最高级的用法：形容词最高级前必须带定冠词 the，而副词常省略不用。The 前可有 much, far, by far, nearly, almost 等或（当最高级为加词尾-est 构成时）the 后可有very，second，third 等修饰词。He is the oldest of the three.He runs fastest of all.8. “most+形容词” 前无定冠词（或带不定冠词 a） ，不是最高级，most 当“非常”讲。I was most happy to go with you. It was a most joyful day.练习：练习：P5758，P60-62
