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1、英语复习罗斯福新政、水门丑闻及对美国人影响、里根为什么能被选为第40 届总统、克林顿在政期间对同性恋事件为什么不问不说、新边疆政策、西进运动对美国的影响1、What is the “ frontier thesis” put forth by historian Frederick Jackson about?历史 学家弗雷德里克 杰克逊提出的 “ 前沿理论 ” 是什么呢？In 1893, historian Frederick Jackson Turner put forth his frontier thesis that the experience of isolation and t
2、he availability of free land had shaped American democracy and institutions. Turner inscribed the frontier as the crucible where the American traits of individualism and acquisitiveness originated and he described the central place frontiers occupy in the American imagination. The rhetoric of the fr
3、ontier continues in contemporary America as leaders speak of foreign policy or business challenges as new frontiers to be explored, conquered, and made safe. 1893年,历史学家弗雷德里克 杰克逊 特纳提出了 他的包含孤立的经验和可供使用的自由土地的 边界理论 已经塑造了美国民主和机构。特纳将边界镌刻成了一种带有着美国人个人主义和利益欲望起源特征的严酷的考验,同时他描述的中心位置的边界占据了美国人的想象力。在当代美国的领导人在谈及外交政策
4、或是商业挑战时说的外交政策或业务挑战之时,边界理论的夸大其词的修辞仍旧作为探索、征服和保证新领域安全被继续使用。2、Why did writer Mark Twain call the period The Gilded age? 为什么作家马克 吐温说 此时期是镀金时代？The first transcontinental railroad connecting San Francisco with New York City was completed in 1869. By 1900, the United States had 258,000 miles of track, one-t
5、hird of all the railroad mileage in the world. Railroad companies merged with investment banking firms and large corporate law firms to help create modern managerial capitalism. John D. Rockefeller s oil company and Andrew Carnegie s steel factories led the way by integrating production processes to
6、 control all aspects of the production of a single product(vertical integration)or to gain a monopoly over a single step in production(horizontal integration). In fact, developments sped along so fast that the industrialists and bankers, who saw themselves as industrial statesmen, seemed to be robbe
7、r barons to the general public. Writer Mark Twain called the period The Gilded Age because the rise of huge industry, big cities, and commerce looked golden; but to scratch off the gold revealed only the ugliness of base metal. 第一条 横贯大陆连接旧金山与纽约市的铁路是在1869 年完成。到 1900 年 ,美国有 258000英里轨道 ,是世界上所有的铁路里程三分之一
8、的。铁路公司与投资银行公司和大型企业的律师事务所合并,以帮助建立现代管理型资本主义。约翰 D 洛克菲勒的石油公司和安德鲁 卡内基的钢铁厂整合生产流程,一马当先控制了生产单一产品（垂直一体化)的各方面或获得垄断了生产（横向整合 )单步。事实上 ,发展如此之快 ,认为自己是 产业政治家 的工业家和银行家,似乎是抢劫广大市民的 强盗大亨 。 作家马克 吐温因为庞大的产业,大城市 ,和商业的兴起看着金色的将其称为周期镀金时代 ,但刮开黄金显露只有金属根基里的丑陋。3、For many Americans,Why was the 1920s an era of prosperity?对许多美国人来说，
9、为什么 20 世纪 20 年代繁荣时代？For many Americans, the 1920s was an era of prosperity. The period has been described variously as: the Jazz Age, the Roaring Twenties, or the Era of The Lost Generation. It was a hedonistic age marked by the pursuit of pleasure, pushed along by the rise of advertising and radio,
10、 stimulated by the writings of Sigmund Freud and F. Scott Fitzgerald, and changed by a revolution in manners and morals, movies, a utomobiles, and a me generation that stressed a live-for-today attitude.Aviator Charles Lucky Lindbergh thrilled everyone when, as a young man in the most technologicall
11、y advanced machine yet made, an airplane, he made a solo flight from- New York to Paris, circling the Eiffel Tower and landing victoriously among 100,000 Frenchmen.Young women flappers threw off the Victorian fashions, cut their hair short, and reached for rayon stockings, silk panties, makeup, shor
12、t dresses, a dance partner, a cigarette, and a beer.They sought youth and drank, even though the 18th Amendment(1919)prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transporting of intoxicating liquors anywhere in the United States.People flouted the law and bought from bootleggers increasingly gangs of organi
13、zed mobsters such as Chicago s Al Capone and his 1,000-man army of machine-gun-carrying thugs until the 21st Amendment(1933)recognized the inevitable and nullified Prohibition. 对许多美国人来说,1920s 是一个繁荣的时代。这期间已被多种多样地描述为： 爵士乐时代 , 咆哮的二十年代, 或 时代的迷惘的一代 。它是一个快乐的时代,以追求快乐 ,广告和广播的上升为推动,被由西格蒙德佛洛伊德和史葛菲茨杰拉德的著作而刺激,并
14、改变了通过道德礼仪,一场电影 ,汽车 ,和 我一代 ,强调为今天的生活态度为标志。飞行员查尔斯 幸运 林德伯格让每个人兴奋,当他作为在技术上最年轻的人,然而 ,只制作了最先进的科学机器,一架飞机 ,他从纽约单飞到巴黎,在埃菲尔铁塔的100000的法国人中胜利登陆。年轻女性 时髦女郎 扔掉维多利亚时代的潮流,把她们的头发剪短,并且达到了人造丝长袜,丝绸内裤 ,化妆 ,短裙 ,一个舞伴 ,香烟和啤酒。他们沉溺于青春和美酒中,即使第十八修正案（1919)中禁止在美国的任何地方生产,销售 ,或运输酒类 。人藐视法律 ,买了走私团伙的枪支导致走私团伙组织越来越多,如芝加哥的暴徒卡彭和他的1000 人的携
15、带机枪的军队,直到第二十一修正案（1933) 承认不可避免并无效禁止。4、Illustrate FDR s New Deal and its impact on American society? 举例说明罗斯福新政 及其对美国社会的影响？No president in the twentieth century had a greater impact on American life than Franklin Delano Roosevelt(FDR).Voters elected him four times and he ruled a dozen years in the Whit
16、e House, 1933 45. FDR used optimistic radio chats to persuade listeners that, The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. His New Deal economic recovery plan was a pragmatic approach both profoundly conservative and profoundly revolutionary to help people find hope and paychecks.In his first hundred days in office, FDR sent over 100 pieces of reform legislation to Congress and, in so doing,
