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1、第一章第一章绪论绪论1. why is language not entirely arbitrary? Because there are words in every language that imitate natural sounds, such as crash, bang in English .besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary .these words cannot be made freely . 2. why is language culturally transmitted and
2、why are animal call system genetically transmitted ?Because the details of any language are not genetically transmitted ,but instead have to be taught and learned anew . it is passed on from one generation to another through teaching and learning rather than by instinct . in contrast ,animals are bo
3、rn with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species, so animals call system are genetically transmitted. 3. language has the design feature of duality .why ?The duality nature of language means that language is system ,which consists off two sets of structures ,or two levels ,
4、one of sounds and the other of meanings . at the lower or the basic level ,there is the structure of sounds , which are meaningless. At the higher level ,the units can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences . 4. why is productivity unique to language ? Language is productive
5、 or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signal by its users. The users can send message which no one else has ever sent before. 5. what does the displacement feature of language mean ?Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are
6、present or not present ,real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future or in far-away places . in other words language can be used to refer context removed from the immediate situation of the speakers. 6.how is the modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics diff
7、ers from traditional grammar . traditional grammar is prescriptive, it is based on high written language . it sets models for language users to follow . but modern linguistics is descriptive ,its investigation are based on authentic ,and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific a
8、nd objective and the task of linguistics is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is correct or not. 7. whats the distinction between synchronic study and a diachronics study?Language exists in time and changes trough time. The description of a language at some point in t
9、ime is a synchronic study, the description of a language as it changes though time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describe a language as it is at some particular point in time ,while a diachronic study language is a historical stud ; it studies the historical development of la
10、nguage over a period. 8.why does modern linguistic regards the spoken form of language as primary ?speech and writing are the two major media of communication . modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary , but not the written form ,because the spoken form is prior to the writt
11、en form and most writing systems are derived from spoken form of language. 9.what do langue and parole mean respectively?Langue and parole are French words, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communication ,and parole refers to the realization of la
12、ngue in actural use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conversation and the application of the rules. 10. how does Chomsky define competence and performance? Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowled
13、ge of the rules of his language ,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistics communication.第二章第二章音系学音系学1. why does linguistics regard speech as the primary than writing ? speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken fo
14、rm of language as primary ,but not the written form ,because the spoken for id prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language. 2. whats the basic difference between a vowel and a consonant ?the basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that
15、the pronunciation of a vowel, the air stream from the lung meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in the pronunciation of a consonant , the air stream from the lungs is obstructed in one way or another. 3. how do you set up the allophone of the same phoneme?Whi
16、ch allophone is to be used is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random or haphazard in most cases; it is rule-governed . one of the tasks of the phonologist is to find out these rules. 4. why are stress tone and intonation called the suprasegmental phonemes? The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental phonem
