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1、Zika virus kills developing brain cells Zika 病毒杀死正在发育的脑细胞As fear of the Zika virus spreads nearly as quickly as the pathogen itself, two new laboratory studies offer the first solid evidence for how it could cause brain defects in babies: The virus appears to preferentially kill developing brain cel
2、ls. The observation bolsters the growing case for a connection between the virus, which is spreading rapidly across Latin America, and an increase in the number of cases of microcephaly, a birth defect in which the brain fails to grow properly. The new work, done independently by two groups, shows t
3、hat the virus readily infects neural stem cells the precursors of neurons and other brain cellswhether they are grown on cell culture plates or coaxed to form 3D minibrains called cerebral organoids. 在齐卡病毒恐惧蔓延近由于病原体本身一样快，两个新的实验室研究提供了第一个有力的证据，它如何能引起婴儿大脑的缺陷：病毒似乎优先杀死脑细胞的发育。观察了病毒之间的连接不断增长的情况下，这是迅速传播到拉丁美
4、洲的美国，在案件数量的增加，小头畸形，出生缺陷，大脑不能正常生长。新的工作，通过两组独立完成，表明该病毒容易感染神经干细胞的神经元和其他脑细胞，无论是在细胞培养板上生长或诱导形成三维 minibrains 称为脑细胞前体。The work “ is going to be very important,” says Madeline Lancaster, a developmental biologist who studies human brain development at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Bio
5、logy in Cambridge, U.K. The results “ are quite consistent with what you re seeing in the babies with microcephaly.”工作将是非常重要的，”Madeline Lancaster 说，一个在剑桥发育生物学家，分子生物学医学研究委员会实验室研究人类大脑的发展英国” 的结果是相当一致的与你所看到的婴儿小头畸形。 ”Zika virus, named after a forest in Uganda where it was first isolated decades ago, usua
6、lly causes only mild symptoms in people, including fever and rash. But after the virus started spreading across northeastern Brazil last year, doctors there noticed a striking increase in the number of babies born with microcephaly. Many of the mothers reported having symptoms consistent with Zika i
7、nfection during their pregnancies. But it has been difficult to prove a link between the virus and the birth defects because blood tests for Zika virus are only accurate for about a week after infection. 齐卡病毒， “ 在乌干达，首次分离后几十年前森林，通常仅导致轻微的症状，包括发烧和皮疹。但在病毒开始传播到巴西东北部的最后一年，那里的医生注意到出生的婴儿人数与畸形明显增加。 许多孩子的母亲报
8、告有症状符合病毒感染在怀孕。但它已经很难证明病毒与出生缺陷之间的联系因为齐卡病毒血液测试是唯一准确的大约一个星期后感染。Nevertheless, circumstantial evidence has accumulated. Researchers have identified the virus in amniotic fluid of pregnant women whose fetuses were diagnosed with microcephaly and also in the brain tissue of a fetus diagnosed with the disor
9、der. But because researchers had conducted scant research on the virus before this year, they had little data to suggest how the virus could cause such damage. 然而，证据积累。 研究人员已经确定了病毒的孕妇其胎儿被诊断为畸形也与疾病的诊断胎儿脑组织的羊水。 但由于研究者对病毒方面的研究在今年之前，他们很少有数据表明病毒如何会造成这样的伤害。To gauge the virus s possible effects on the deve
10、loping brain, researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, and Florida State University in Tallahassee used induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to grow, in lab dishes, immature brain cells called human cortical neural progenitor cells. (iPS cells are adult cells that have been re
11、programmed into stem cells that can grow into most of the tissues in the body.) They then exposed the neural progenitor cells to a lab strain of Zika virus. 了解病毒对发育脑的可能影响，在约翰霍普金斯大学在巴尔的摩，马里兰州和塔拉哈西佛罗里达州立大学的研究人员，使用诱导多能干细胞（iPS）细胞生长，在实验室中，未成熟的大脑皮质神经祖细胞的人。（iPS 细胞是成体细胞重编程为干细胞已经可以生长到大部分的组织。）然后他们暴露的神经祖细胞的齐卡病
12、毒实验室菌株。The virus readily infected the neural stem cells , neuroscientists Hongjun Song and Guo-li Ming, virologist Hengli Tang, and their colleagues report today in Cell Stem Cell. Three days after the virus was applied, 85% of the cells in the culture dishes were infected. In contrast, when the vir
13、us was applied to cultures of fetal kidney cells, embryonic stem cells, and undifferentiated iPS cells, it infected fewer than 10% of the cells by day 3. Immature neurons derived from the neural progenitor cells were also less susceptible to the virus; 3 days after receiving a dose of the virus, few
14、er than 20% of those cells were infected. 该病毒容易感染神经干细胞，神经科学家洪俊松和郭丽明，病毒学家衡丽堂，和他们的同事们在今天干细胞。应用病毒后三天，在培养皿中的细胞感染85%人。相反，当病毒应用于胎肾细胞培养、 胚胎干细胞和未分化的iPS 细胞， 它感染了少于3 天 10%的细胞。 未成熟的神经元由神经祖细胞也不易受病毒；接收剂量的病毒后3 天，少于20%被感染的细胞。The researchers noticed that the infected progenitor cells were not killed right away. Ins
15、tead, the virus “ hijacked the cells,” using the cellular machinery to replicate themselves, Song says. That helped the virus to spread quickly through the cell population, he says. His team also reports that infected cells grew more slowly and had interrupted cell division cycles, which could also
16、contribute to microcephaly. 研究人员发现，感染的祖细胞并没有被杀死了。相反，病毒“ 劫持细胞，利用细胞的机械复制自己，松说。使病毒迅速通过细胞群体传播，他说。他的团队还报告说，感染的细胞生长缓慢，细胞分裂周期已中断，这也有助于小头畸形。In a separate set of experiments, other researchers found that the virus can hamper the growth of another type of neural stem cell. In a preprint posted online on 2 March, neuroscientist Patricia Garcez and stem cell researcher Stevens Rehen at the DOr Institute for Research and Education in Rio de Janiero, Brazil, report growing human iPS cells into cluste
