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1、IVExplain each of the following terms into English 1. Democracy in the ancient Greek 2. Middle Ages:In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. It is so called because it came between ancient times and m
2、odern times.3. Feudalism:Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding-a system of holding in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.4. Code of Chivalry:As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak , to fight for the chur
3、ch, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.5. Humanism:At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy is the assertion of the greatness of man. Related to this is the belief in the pro
4、motion of wealth and pleasure and a frank admiration for the beauty of human body.6. Leonardo da Vinci:Leonardo da Vinci was a man of many talents. He was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist. Leonardo is generally known as a painter, his actual output was ve
5、ry small. In fact today only about twelve paintings are looked upon as having been done by him. This is because of his diverse interest, his far-ranging curiosity in nature and his endless scientific experiments and designings. To understand him, one has to read the 5,000 notebooks in which he had p
6、ut down his observations in life and his sketch drawings.7. Reformation:The reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began in 1517 when Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 theses inviting to d
7、ebating on matters of practice and doctrine in the Church. The Reformation was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible.8. EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France. It attr
8、acted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century.V.1. Use your own words to analyze the significance or the effects of Greek Culture on the development of Western Civilization?2. What positive influence does the Cru
9、sades exert on the European Culture?3. What are the distinctive features of Renaissance art?(1)Art broke away from the domination of the church. Artists who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church to paint the design became a separate strata like writers and poets doing noble and creative wo
10、rk.(2) Themes of paintings changed from purely celestial realm focusing on the stories of the Bible, of God Jesus and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man. Even when the themes remained celestial, the heroes were given human qualities and given strong muscles and sinews of man. W
11、ith the growth of cities and towns, they were asked to paint for fronts of private people.(3) The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization into their works. They began to be supported by individual collectors. (4) Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.4. Why do we say the 17th century was a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times?
