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1、一一Etomidate induced agitation during intraoperative sedation V. Rakesh Sondekoppam, Komal Gandhi, and Yatindra Kumar Batra Author information Copyright and License information Drugs used for sedation are occasionally known to cause paradoxical reactions of agitation and abnormal behavior.13 We repor
2、t a case of paradoxical agitation observed after intraoperative administration of etomidate.A 23-year-old ASA-I male patient (72 kg) with anterior cruciate ligament tear was posted for arthroscopic repair under spinal anesthesia on a day care basis. Pre-anesthetic evaluation was unremarkable. No sed
3、ative premedications were administered. After shifting the patient to the operating room, baseline blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation were noted and spinal anesthesia with 2.4 mL of heavy bupivacaine was administered to achieve a level of blockade at T10. After 15 min of surgery, the p
4、atient requested sedation for which 8 mg bolus of etomidate (Lipuro Etomidate 0.2%, Melsuengen, GMBH, Germany) was administered over 2 min followed by an infusion of 6 g/kg/min (0.4 mg/min). Involuntary muscle movements above the level of blockade were noted by the patient, resulting in discomfort.
5、Verbal reassurance was tried but soon he stopped responding to verbal communication and became silent. Shortly, the patient was delirious and physically violent, with aggressive upper limb and body movements above the level of blockade, requiring him to be physically restrained. Although there was n
6、o hemodynamic or respiration alterations, escalating doses of etomidate up to a total dose of 15 mg (0.2 mg/kg) administered subsequently over 10 min did not decrease agitation and needed interruption of surgery. Etomidate infusion was stopped and 1 mg IV midazolam was administered to calm the patie
7、nt, but his agitation was sustained and further increased after about 5 min of midazolam. Further, 2 mg of IV midazolam was administered, which did not decrease the agitation and hence general anesthesia with IV thiopentone (250 mg) and vecuronium (6 mg) for muscle relaxation was administered so as
8、to proceed with ongoing surgery. The total duration of surgery lasted for about 90 min, following which the neuromuscular blockade was reversed and the patient was extubated. He appeared confused to time and place in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) for about 30 min. Postoperative psychiatry eva
9、luation was normal. In the ward, he did not have any recollection of events following the start of sedation, and rest of his hospital course was uneventful.Our case probably represents the idiosyncratic psychomimetic effects of etomidate that were not relieved by midazolam. Delirium and agitation re
10、actions are common following ketamine administration, and are usually observed with waning of sedation. The paradoxical reactions are also noted with the highly lipid-soluble class of benzodiazepine1 and following propofol anesthesia.2 A single report of etomidate-induced agitation in two cases was
11、noted during decline in sedation,3 in contrast to agitation at the start of etomidate sedation in our case. Such paradoxical reactions probably have more to do with the blood levels of the drug and their rate of increase or decrease than with onset or offset of drug action.Etomidate binds to GABAA 2
12、 receptor subtype causing sedation and to 3 subtype resulting in hypnosis and immobility.4 Therefore, an idiosyncratic reaction at these receptors may cause paradoxical effects of agitation and movement response, respectively. Midazolam has an additive effect on etomidate requirement and, also, prem
13、edication with midazolam decreases etomidate- induced myoclonus.5 Also, midazolam may not be effective in decreasing movement response, myoclonus and agitation if given after the administration of etomidate, as seen in our case, and hence is best administered as a premedication to prevent such respo
14、nses. Although speculative, such reactions are thought to involve multiple mechanisms including alterations in brain neurotransmitter levels, like GABA and serotonin and central cholinergic mechanism.1 Because etomidate is not as commonly used as benzodiazepines for sedation, the paradoxical reactio
15、ns with etomidate may also be under reported. Administration of benzodiazepines to treat etomidate- induced agitation may not be helpful, and the possibility of such reactions should be borne in mind.REFERENCES 1. Mancuso CE, Tanzi MG, Gabay M. Paradoxical Reactions to Benzodiazepines: Literature Re
16、view and Treatment Options. Pharmacotherapy. 2004;24:117785. PubMed 2. Bhakta P, Mishra P, Tawfic QA. Psychomimetic manifestations following propofol in day care surgery-Case reports. Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2010;20:599601. PubMed 3. Perrone J, Band RA, Mathew R. Agitation complicating procedural sedation with etomidate. Am J Emerg Med. 2006;24:5112. PubMed 4. Forman SA. Clinical and molecular pharmacology of etomidat
