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1、原文与译文1原文与译文GREEN BARRIERS FROM THE STANGPOINT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAbstract: Green barriers are one kind of non-tariff barrier (NTB). This paper points out that green barriers evolved from sustainable development theory and environmental protection, but are compatible with true comparative adva
2、ntage. The best way to surmount green barriers for Chinese enterprises is to implement circular production processes and clean production techniques. Key Words: Green barriers, sustainable development, ecology environment, circular economy, life-cycle analysis.1. IntroductionSince the opening up and
3、 economic reform of China, its foreign trade volume has risen continuously from US$20.6 billion in 1978 to US$1,422 billion in 2005. The sum of exports plus imports as a fraction of GDP is 65.8%, the share of exports is 36.2%, the share of imports is 29.6% in 2006 in China (The National Bureau of St
4、atistics of China, 2006). Exports mainly concentrate on labor intensive and resource intensive industries: labor intensive products accounting for 40% of total manufacturing exports and resource intensive including rubber and metal products accounting for 20%. This export pattern depletes resources
5、and causes high emissions and high pollution, a serious environmental problem in China (Gu, 2005). In addition, besides agricultural products, the exportation of mechanical and electrical products is facing increasing technical barriers such as noise, pollution, safety standards, energy saving, and
6、recycling requirements. Every year, about US$8 billion of export products are affected by foreign green labeling and trademarks and US$24 billion of products are indirectly influenced since packing methods do not satisfy the environmental protection standard of developed countries. Therefore, how to
7、 treat and cope with green barriers is imperative for Chinas foreign trade.2. Green Barriers2.1 Implication of the green barrier While there are no accurate and clear definitions in international treaties or agreements, agree barrier is a new term to mean the application of strict technical standard
8、s and regulations in international trade (Dong, 2003). Besides a green environmental label, green barriers also include environmental surtaxes, market access requirements, green technology standards, green packaging, green sanitary measures and green subsidiaries (Leng, 2005). Normally, a green barr
9、ier is regarded 西安交通大学城市学院本科生毕业设计（论文）2as an environmental barrier implemented by developed countries, who, on the grounds of protection of animal or plant life, establish strict and compulsory measures to restrict certain imported products (Gao, 2004). According to some authors, green barriers are a
10、 type of protectionism, unfair to developing countries and restricting their economic development (Tang and Tan, 2004).In fact, the evolution and practice of green barriers conforms to sustainable global economic development along the lines of true comparative advantage. Developed countries realized
11、 sooner the facts concerning environmental externalities and their damage to humans and the environment. Some developed countries set up technological standards on the environment and natural resources, requiring that both the end products and all the production processes (R the other is the huge, s
12、ometimes irreversible negative influence on natural resources and the environment. Many examples can be seen worldwide: desert encroachment, deforestation, water shortages, acid rain, biodiversity reduction; in short, air, land and sea pollution in general. While enjoying the increased welfare cause
13、d by high economic growth, the world is suffering serious environmental deterioration (Na, 2000). Our Common Future(WCED, 1987) put forward the idea of sustainable development in 1987, calling for a common endeavor that human beings should protect the environment and the health of people, animals an
14、d plants. The WCED defined sustainable development as development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In 1994, the IISD proposed the Winnipeg Principles as a means for reconciling international trade and development so
15、as to achieve sustainable development (IISD, 1994). These principles constitute a starting point to integrate trade, the environment and development. The central idea in considering internalizing the environment through international cooperation is regulation in international trade. Economic growth
16、arising from trade liberalization is the necessary condition for sustainable development, but trade liberalization without sufficient environment regulation will induce environmental degradation (Wang, 2005). Therefore, based on sustainable development theory and compatibility with comparative advantage (see the Appendix), green barriers have a positive and rational effect.西安交通大学城市学院本科生毕业设计（论文）63.1. An International Environmental Management
