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1、虚拟语气Subjunctive,虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示，下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。,句式,复合句,状语从句定语从句名词性从句,主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句,Subjunctive Mood,条件状语从句其他状语从句,If 条件句含蓄条件句,简单句,一、虚拟语气在简单句中的应用,用“ may 十动词原形”表示“祝愿”、“但愿” may须置于句首，例如：May you be happy! May you succeed! May you have a good time!其他表示愿望、祝愿或诅咒
2、;命令。 God bless you . Heaven forbid! work ! Be more careful！ You go out !,名词性从句,主语从句,条件状语从句,含蓄条件句,二、复合句,定语从句,状语从句,宾语从句,表语从句同位语从句,其他状语从句,If 条件句,虚拟条件句可分为两类： 一类是叙述与现实事实相反的情况， 一类是叙述与过去事实相反的情况。另外，还有一类用于推测将来的情况，也称作推测条件句。,（一）虚拟语气用于条件状语从句。,表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式（be的过去式用were）”，而主句中的谓语动词用“would（should
3、, could, might）+动词原形。”,Example If I had time ,I would certainly go to the movies. If I were you, I should study English. If he had time, he would attend the meeting.,练习,题例：1) If my father _ here now, he _ tell me what to do. A. were, would B were, will C is, would D is , will2) If I _ a bee, I _ wor
4、k much harder. A were, would B were, shall C had, will D have, should3) If I _ much money, I _ buy a house. A have, will B had, should C had, will D have, should4) He _ learn more quickly if he _ harder. A will, work B would, worked C would, work D will , worked5) If I _ you, I _ do that. A was, wou
5、ldnt B were, wouldnt C am , wont D were, wont,A,A,B,B,B,表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用“had +过去分词”，主句中的谓语动词用“would（should, could, might）+have +过去分词”。,Eg: If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the examination. If she had worked harder ,she would have succeeded . The rice would not have b
6、een burnt if you had been more careful.,练习,1) If you _ the doctors advice, you would have recognized already. A. followed B would follow C follow D had followed2) If my lawyer _ here last Saturday, he _ me from going. A had been , would have prevented B had been, would preventC were, would prevent D
7、 were, would have prevented3) I _ if she _ me. A would have overslept,didnt call B would have overslept, hadnt called C overslept, hadnt called D would overslept, didnt call4) - If he _, he_that food. -Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A was warned, would not take B had been warned, w
8、ould not have taken C would be warned, had not taken D would have been warned, had not taken5) She _ to the party if she _ invited. A would have gone, had been B would go , was C would have gone, was D has gone,D,A,B,B,A,表示与将来事实相反的假设时， 条件从句和主句所用的谓语动词怀“表示与现在事实相反的假设”的谓语动词相同，或者条件从句中用“were to/should+动词原
9、形” or过去式。,If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.If he should do it ,he would use another way.,1)Its quite impossible that it will rain tomorrow. But if it _, I would still go to the park. A should rain B would rain C rain D had rain
10、ed2)I dont think that I shall fail. But if I _, I would try again. A should fail B would fail C failed D had failed 3) _ Tomorrow, what should we do? A If it rains B. Should it rain C. would it rain D. Were it raining,III. 在不同时间下，虚拟语气的三种形式，公式。I.与现在事实相反 Were mightIf+主语+ 过去式动词 would 过去式助动词 ， 主语+ could
11、 + V Should II.与过去事实相反 might would + have + 过去分词If +主语+had +过去分词, 主语 + could Should,III.与将来事实相反 Were might if + 主语+ 过去式助动词 should were to +v 主语+ would + V Should + v. Could 注：）虚拟语气中助动词be一律用were，不用was。）在与将来事实相反的虚拟语气中， “if主语should +表示可能的假设,当条件状语从句行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。,If you had wor
12、ked hard, you would be very tired. If they had left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour. If I were you ,I wouldnt have missed the film last night. If you had spoken to him last time you saw him, you would know what to do now.,(过去-现在.),(过去将来),(现在-过去),(过去-现在),以上句型可以转换成下列形式:省略if,用“
13、were, had, should +主语”. 例如: Were I in school again, I would work harder. Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.但在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式, 如我们可以说: Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy. 但不能说 Werent it for the expense, I would go to Italy.,含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有 :,
