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1、 I摘摘 要要 我们的财富汉语，以其久远的历史和目前全球最多的母语使用者，正在一步步地变成具有世界性影响的语言。世界上的“汉语热”仍在不断升温。对外汉语教学和面向中小学语文教学作为汉语言研究成果应用的重要领域越来越受到人们的重视，尤其是对外汉语教学领域。汉字教学是整个对外汉语教学中最重要的部分之一。汉字的构成具有很强的理据性或者叫做规律性，尽管每一个规律（规则）都有很多的例外。对外汉字教学要尽可能充分地利用这些理据。 字本位和部件教学法得到了实践的检验，受到越来越多的一线教师的认可。“字本位”理念是在充分认识和研究汉语特点的基础上提出来的。在字本位理念的指导下，对外汉字教学的策略和方法可以简单
2、地归纳为：以字为本，由字联系词，由词照应字；教学方法则应以字形教学为突破口，以汉语拼音为拐杖，以字义理解为延伸点。当然，字本位并不否定词在语言中的价值。 如果说字本位是一种理念的话，那么，部件教学法可以说是一种可操作的教学方法。部件不同于部首和偏旁；部件和部首、偏旁在内涵与所指上往往有交叉，同时又有着本质的区别。部件是由笔画组成的、能独立运用的、具有组配汉字功能的构字单位。也可以这样理解：部件是现代汉字字形中具有独立组字能力的构字单位，它大于或等于笔画，小于或等于整字。把对部件的学习当成从笔画到整字的一种过渡在教学上有着重要的价值。着眼部件开展汉字教学而不取由笔画教学直接过渡到整字的做法，是一
3、种进步。这一认识符合汉字结构的客观实际。汉字中占绝大多数的合体字本身就具有可分性，大多数汉字是由更低一层的单位部件组成的，汉字往往可分为部件，部件对整字的音和义有不同程度的提示作用。部件在汉字教学里的优势是明显的，而由笔画教学直接过渡到整字教学有其显见的弊端。 本文主体上分为四个部分： 首先界定本文的目的，为了改进对外汉字教学；第二部分讨论了汉字构形的基本特点，在这一部分里参考了各位先贤和他人的成果，但也不乏自己独到的或许疏浅的体会；在第三部分里论述了以上特点在对外汉字教II学中的应用，这是本文的核心部分；在第四部分里结合实际教学分析了留学生汉字习得的常见错误并对此提出了相应的对策。本文还顺便
4、谈及了对外汉字教学中有趣、有效、科学这一一总的原则，这自然不是本文的核心方面。 关键词：关键词：汉字 汉字构形 构形特点 对外汉字教学 IIIAbstract Our wealth-Chinese, for her remote history and owning the present global most mother tongue users, is turning into a world-wide impactful language step by step. The worlds “Chinese Hot“ is still heating up. Teaching Chin
5、ese as a foreign language and for language teaching in primary and secondary schools as the most important application domains of the Chinese language study achievement, are drawing increasingly attention of people. The Teaching of Chinese characters is one of the most important parts in TCSL. Chine
6、se characters constitute is strongly rationale, despite many exceptions. The teaching of Chinese characters must make use of these principles as fully as possible. Word-based teaching, as a method has been examined by practice, and is being accepted by more and more teachers. Word-based theory is fo
7、unded after full understanding and complete study of Chinese characters, and also it reveals the relations between Chinese characters and Chinese, emphasizes the Chinese character unique feature, highlights the cultural heritage of Chinese characters. It is of great significance. Then, what is the s
8、trategy and approach of teaching Chinese characters guided by the word-based concept? Briefly speaking , we should focus on many a Chinese character ，take the Pinyin as the walking stick and pay enough attention to its extended meaning. This understanding tallies with the reality of Chinese characte
9、r structure. The overwhelming majority of Chinese characters are divisible, the Chinese characters often can be divided into parts. The parts have the varying degrees to tell the sound and meaning of the whole character. In teaching, the advantage of focusing on the parts is obvious, because the tea
10、ching of strokes of the whole words has its obvious disadvantages. May we also understand the part like this: it is the parts that form the modern Chinese characters. They can be longer than or equal to strokes, less than or equal to the whole words. Taking teaching parts of a whole word as a transi
11、tion from strokes to the whole word is of IVimportant value. If the based- on-words is a whole concept, then, the method of teaching components can be said to be a workable method. The parts are composed of strokes, and could be used to form new Chinese character independently. Meanwhile, the parts
12、have the function to form new words together with others. If the introduction and the conclusion is not counted, the main body of this paper is divided into four parts. Firstly , the author defined the purpose of this paperfor the improvement of efficiency of character teaching in TCSL; The second p
13、art discusses the essential feature of Chinese character configuration, and in this part a reference to the worthy people of former times and the achievements of other experts could be seen, but the author also raised many original perhaps superficial opinions. The third part deals with the applicat
14、ion of the analysis about Chinese characters in TCSL. In the fourth part , the author analyzed the most common errors in the light of the realities of teaching and raised the corresponding countermeasures. This article also talked about a general principle to be interesting, effective and scientific
15、 in the process of teaching Chinese characters in TCSL. Of course, this is not the core aspects of this paper. Key words: Chinese characters ；Configuration of Chinese characters； Characteristics of Chinese characters configuration； Teaching Chinese Characters in TCSL 独创性声明独创性声明 本人声明所呈交的学位论文是我个人在导师指导
16、下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知，除文中已经标明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出贡献的个人和集体， 均已在文中以明确方式标明。 本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 学位论文作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权华中科技大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 保密， 在 年解密后适用本授权书。 不保密。 （请在以上方框内打“”） 学位论文作者签名： 指导教师签名： 日期： 年 月 日 日期： 年 月 日本论文属于 1引引 言言 一切为了使对外汉语教学变得更容易、更有效一切为了使对外汉语教学变得更
