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1、英语阅读基本功之难句过关大全英语阅读基本功之难句过关大全(一)定语从句英语和汉语中的定语有很大的不同。汉语中定语只能前置,而英语中定语既可前置也可后置。两者的不同,不仅表现在结构上,也表现在意义上。英语中的定语从句有时从原因、结果、目的或条件等方面对中心词加以限定。因此,在对语法结构、上下文逻辑关系深刻理解的前提下,为了更明确地表明这种逻辑关系,可以将定语从句翻译成相应的状语从句。同时值得注意的是,定语从句与中心词之间常有分割成分,而该分割成分中与定语从句紧挨着的名词,常常会被误认为定语从句的中心词。因此,遇到这种结构,一定要根据上下文和常识进行判断。翻译定语从句时可采用提前译、顺序译、分译或
2、转译等多种方法。1. As far as the third factor is concerned, the history of scienceshows many instances in which the force of authority has operated insuch a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance tofurther investigation; in some cases centuries elapsed before thisresistance was eventually
3、broken down, as happened in cosmology, forexample.第一层: As far as the third factor is concerned , 状语从句 1 thehistory 主 of science 定 shows 谓 many 定 instances 宾 in whichthe force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up anexceedingly power- 定语从句 ful resistance to further investigation ;
4、 insome cases 状 centuries 主 elapsed 谓 before this resistance waseventually broken down, as 状语从句 2 happened in cosmology, forexample.第二层: (状语从句 1) As far as 引 the third factor 主语 is 系concerned 表语(定语从句) in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated谓 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly
5、powerful re- 状sistance to further investigation(状语从句 2) before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 状broken down, 表 as happened in cosmology,for example 定语从句第三层: (定语从句) as 引 happened 谓 in cosmology, 状 forexample. 插入语要点 本句由两个分句构成,以分号连接。第一个分句的主干为“the history of science shows many instances“,“in which“
6、引导的定语从句修饰“instances“,“such .as .“表结果,后接不定式;在第二个分句中,before 引出时间状语从句:“before this resistance was eventuallybroken down“;代词“as“在此是关系代词,引出定语从句:“as happened incosmology“。resistance:抵抗(力);阻力。cosmology:宇宙论,宇宙哲学。译文 至于第三个因素,科学史中有许多事例表明,权威的力量起到这样一种作用:它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍;在许多情况下,要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍。例如,在宇宙学中就发
7、生过这样的事。2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in anenvironment where there are many stimuli which develop his or hercapacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectualdevelopment.第一层: Behaviorists 主 suggest 谓 that the child who is raised inan environment where there
8、 are many stimuli which develop his 宾语从句 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greaterintellectual development.第二层: (宾语从句) that 引 the child 主 who is raised in anenvironment where there are many stimuli which develop his or hercapacity 定语从句for appropriate responses will experience
9、 谓 greater intellectual 定development. 宾第三层: (定语从句) who 引 is raised 谓 in an environment 状where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for ap-定语从句propriate responses第四层: (定语从句) where 引 there 引 are 系 many 定 stimuli主 which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定语从句第五层:
10、(定语从句) which 引 develop 谓 his or her 定 capacity宾 for appropriate 定 responses要点 根据上下文的逻辑关系可以看出,本句中 suggest 的词义不是propose,而是bring an idea into the mind, 所以翻译为“的看法是“。who 引导的定语从句修饰 child,根据上下文的语义关系,翻译成条件句;where 引导的定语从句修饰 environment,用合译法译出;which 引导的从句修饰 stimuli,用分译法进行翻译。appropriate:适合的,相称的。译文 行为主义者的看法是,如果
11、一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大,而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反映能力,那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。3. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucraticallymanaged industrialism in which maximal production and consumptionare ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man andfull development of his potentialities - th
12、ose of love and of reason - arethe aims of all social arrangements.要点 本句为含有两个定语从句的主从复合句。主句的谓语动词suggest 可接动名词作宾语。而宾语中的 transform 一词常用在“transform sth. from . into.“结构中,译为“把从转变为“。句中两个 in which 分别修饰其先行词 industrialism,翻译时宜采用前置法。两个破折号之间的those of love and of reason为potentialities一词的同位语。译文 我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度
13、的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主义管理下的产业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能-即爱和理智的潜能-为其全部社会工作之目的的人道主义产业体制。4. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions, whocriticized, on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligentpoint of view, regardless of their rank or viewpoint.要点 本句中“who.“,“who.“,“on whose.“,“who.“四个定语从
14、句并列,共同修饰中心词“people“。译文 肯尼迪总统需要提问题的人、能提批评意见的人、做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不问他们的级别和观点。5. In the “soap war“ between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever,tremendous use is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference inmarket resulting from the proportional allocation to advertising, whichconstitutes such a
15、 large part of their production costs before selling, sothat they regard their production costs as production plus advertisingcosts.要点 此句结构比较复杂,但主句很简单,主语为 use,谓语为 ismade。主句正常语序为 tremendous use of statistics is made to., tomeasure.作目的状语,resulting from.为现在分词短语作 difference 的后置定语。which 引导一个非限制性定语从句,修饰 a
16、llocation toadvertising。so that 引导一个结果状语从句。plus 为介词,意为“加上“。soap war 为“肥皂广告大战“。译文 在 Proctor and Gamble 和 Unilever 两家企业之间的“肥皂大战“中,双方就大量使用了统计学知识来测量由相应的广告投入所引起的市场上的动态差异,这一项在售前的生产成本中占较大部分,所以他们把生产成本看作是生产费用与广告费用之和。6. Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times moreinformation on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, arealready widely used in European countries where centralized banks canroll out new services on a nationwide basis.要点 本句为简单复合句。句架为 Smart car
