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1、 Understanding pathogen behaviourVirulence, stress response and resistanceEdited by Mansel GriffithsCRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DCCambridge EnglandCopyright 2005 by Taylor resistance to novel processing technologies such as irradiation, high pressure and pulsed electric fields;
2、resistance and adaptation to natural antimicrobial compounds including bacteriocins; and finally, a review of adaptive responses to disinfectants and sanitizers. The contributors to this book are internationally renowned experts in their field. Their contributions to this book will be an invaluable
3、resource for food safety professionals, academics and students.AcknowledgementsOn a personal note, I would like to thank all of the contributors and the staff at Woodhead Publishing who have made this book a reality. I would also like to thank my wife, Susan, and family; Megan, Darren, Bethan and Er
4、ic, for their support; and especially my grandson, Rhys, for never ceasing to amaze me.ReferencesDOORES, S. (1999) Food safety: Current status and future needs. A report from the American Academy of Microbiology. http:/www.asm.org/ASM/files/CCPAGECONTENT/ docfilename/0000003763/Foodsafetyreport1.pdf
5、. 4 March 2005. HELMS, M., VASTRUP, P., GERNER-SCMIDT, P. AND MLBAK, K. (2003) Short and long term mortality associated with foodborne bacterial gastrointestinal infections: registry based study. British Medical Journal 326, 357360. MEAD, P.S., SLUTSKER, L., DIETZ, V., MCCAIG, L.F., BRESEE, J.S., SH
6、APIRO, C., GRIFFIN, P.M. AND TAUXE, R.V. (1999) Food related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5, 607625.Copyright 2005 by Taylor not forgetting that there is a significant portion shared with prokaryotes. This suggests that more than the genetic make-up, the conte
7、xtual combination of gene products confers complexity and diversity to the functional genome. Consequently, in addition to cataloguing genomes and their function, it is necessary to generate an understanding of which gene products are expressed and how they come together to constitute a functional u
8、nit that responds to the different stimuli, be it of growth or environmentally induced. There is therefore a greater need to analyse at the level of the transcriptomes, proteomes and metabolomes (Fig. 1.2). Transcriptomic analysis results in monitoring gene expression. Nucleic acid arrays produced b
9、y the robotic deposition of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, plasmids or oligonucleotides onto a glass slide or in situ synthesis of oligonucleotides using photolithography have been used in hybridization experi- ments to monitor gene expression. Array-based approaches, especially those tha
10、t probe tens of thousands of genes, are useful in that they enable the development of a holistic and unbiased view, rather than a targeted view of cellular response, without a priori knowledge of which genes or mechanisms are important. TheseCopyright 2005 by Taylor Wasinger et al., 1995; Wilkins et
11、 al., 1996). The large-scale identification and characterization of several proteins in parallel has given rise to the field of proteomics (James, 1997). Proteome analyses, as originally conceived, involved the assessment of the proteome in terms of the quality and quantity of the expressed proteins
12、. In recent years, it has been extended to include characterization of theCopyright 2005 by Taylor Zhu et al., 2003, and an excellent compilation of insights in Nature vol. 422, March 2003). In a broad sense, three proteomic streams emerge:1.expression proteomics, which involves assessing the identi
13、ty and quantity of the expressed proteins; 2.functional proteomics, which involves characterizing the nature of the expressed proteins, in terms of its function or activity in the cell, leading to the study of post-translational modifications, protein biochemical activities, proteinprotein interacti
14、ons and subcellular localizations; and 3.structural proteomics, which involves elucidating the structural principles that underlie protein function and cellular activities, in turn (Fig. 1.3).1.3.1Expression proteomics The analytical challenge in expression proteomics is to be able to detect protein
15、s in a complex mixture of analytes in the cellular milieu, to identify the detected proteins and, where possible, to quantify the identified proteins in maximum numbers with a high efficiency. However, even the ability to compare information on proteomic expression can give valuable qualitative (or
16、semi-quantitative) information with respect to differential expression of proteins between the compared samples. Three major analytical biochemical strategies (Fig. 1.3) have evolved in expression proteomics: (a) two-dimensional sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-SDS PAGE)-based separation followed by mass spectrometric (MS) identification of separated proteins, (b) (multidimensional) liquid chromato- graphy (LC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based
