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1、胡壮麟语言学教程 （修订版）Linguistics by icywarmtea- 1 更多资料请访问 http:/目 录前言 1目录 3第一部分 各章节提纲笔记 4Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 4Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 8Chapter 3 Lexicon 14Chapter 4 Syntax 21Chapter 5 Meaning 26Chapter 6 Language Processing in Mind 29Chapter 7 Language, Culture and Society 35Chapter 8 Lang
2、uage in Use38Chapter 9 Language and Literature44Chapter 10 Language and Computer 49Chapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching 53Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics 59第二部分 重点章节测试题 67Test One Invitations to Linguistics67Test Two Phonetics and Phonology 70Test Three Morpholo
3、gy 73Test Four Syntax76Test Five Semantics 79Test Six Pragmatics82Test Seven Language, Culture and Society85Test Eight Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics 88第三部分 测试题参考答案 91参考书目 100Linguistics by icywarmtea- 2 更多资料请访问 http:/第一部分 各章节提纲笔记Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1.1 Why study language
4、?1. Language is very essential to human beings.2. In language there are many things we should know.3. For further understanding, we need to study language scientifically.1.2 What is language?Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communi
5、cation.1.3 Design features of languageThe features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.1.3.1 ArbitrarinessArbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relatio
6、nship to their meanings.1.3.2 DualityDuality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.1.3.3 CreativityCreativity means that languag
7、e is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences.1.3.4 DisplacementDisplacement m
8、eans that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation.1.4 Origin of language1. The bow-wow theoryLinguistics by icywarmtea- 3 更多资料请访问 http:/In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the an
9、imal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.2. The pooh-pooh theoryIn the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language.3. The “yo-he-ho” theoryAs primitive people worked together,
10、they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.1.5 Functions of languageAs is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions:1. Referential: to convey message and information;2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake;3. Emotive: to express
11、attitudes, feelings and emotions;4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties;5. Phatic: to establish communion with others;6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings.Halliday (1994) proposes a theory of metafunctions of language. It means that langua
12、ge has three metafunctions:1. Ideational function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer;2. Interpersonal function: embodying all use of language to express social and personal relationships;3. Textual function: referring to the fact that language has mech
13、anisms to make any stretch of spoken and written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences.According to Hu Zhuanglin, language has at least seven functions:1.5.1 InformativeThe informative function means language is the instrument
14、of thought and people often use it to communicate new information.1.5.2 Interpersonal functionThe interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society.1.5.3 PerformativeThe performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies,
