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1、1 部分习题（来自教材）答案芳烃：1, +CH3ClAlCl3CH32HSO3ClSO2ClCH3+AlCl3CH3CH2CH2ClCH(CH3)2KMnO4,H2SO4COOH2,CH3Cl2/hvCH2ClAlCl3CH23,2 BrNO2CH3CH3CH3Br2FeBr+CH3Br+HNO3H2SO4CH3BrNO2KMnO4,H+COOHBrCH3BrBrKMnO4,H+COOHHNO3,H2SO4COOHBrNO23 CH3CH3NO2NO2COOHOCH3HNO3,H2SO4CH3COOHCH3Cl,AlCl3CH3COOHCOOHClOCl2,FeBrCH3CH3NO2Br2,F
2、eNO2BrNO2COOHOCH3CH3COOHCOOHCOOHCOOHOHNO3,H2SO4NO2OCH3OCH3HNO3,H2SO4NO22Br2,FeOCH3BrBrNO24 烯烃及炔烃CH3Cl2/hvCH2ClAlCl3CH23,+AlCl3CH3CH2CH2ClCH(CH3)2KMnO4,H2SO4COOH2,SO3HSO3H1.HNO3H2SO4O2NSO3HNO2+2.CH3H2SO4HNO3CH3NO25 CH3CH=CCH2CH3CH3H2/Pd-CCH3CH3CH2CHCH2CH3HOBr(H2O+Br2) CH3CH CCH2CH3BrOHCH3CH3CHCCH2CH3
3、CH3ClClCH3CHCCH2CH3CH3OHOHB2H6/NaOH-H2O2CH3CHO+CH3CCH2CH3OCH3CHOHCHCH2CH3CH3CH3CHCH3CHCH2CH3BrCl21O3 , 2Zn-CH3COOHHBr/ 过氧化物6 ?某烯烃催化加氢得2甲基丁烷，加氯化氢可得2甲基 2氯丁烷，如果经臭氧化并在锌纷存在下水解只得丙酮和乙醛，写出给烯烃的结构式以及各步反应式: CH2OCHClCH2Ca(OH)2OHCH2ClCHClCH2HOCl ClCH2CH=CH2Cl2+CH3CH=CH2nCNCH-CH2CH2=CHCNC0470 NH3+CH3CH=CH2ClClCH2
4、CHCH2ClCl2 ClCH2CH=CH2C0 500 Cl2+CH3CH=CH2CH3CH2CH2OHB2H6+CH3CH=CH2CH3CHCH3OHH+H2O+CH3CH=CH2CH3CH2CH2BrROORHBr+CH3CH=CH2BrCH3CHCH3HBr+CH3CH=CH2NaOH,H2O27 ?某化合物分子式为C8H16,它可以使溴水褪色， 也可以溶于浓硫酸，经臭氧化，锌纷存在下水解只得一种产物丁酮，写出该烯烃可能的结构式。?解：该烯烃结构式为?CH3CH2CHCH=CH2CH3CH3CH2CHCH=CH2CH3HBr CH3CH2CHCHCH3CH3BrH2/NiCH3CH3C
5、H2CHCH2CH3(B)(A):?CH3CCH3=CHCH3CH3CCH3=CHCH3CH3CCH3=CHCH3+H2CatCH3CH3CHCH2CH3+HClCH3CHCH2CH3CH3Cl+O3CH3CH3COCHCH3OOZn/CH3COOH/H2OCH3CCH3O+CH3CHO8 卤代烃?1.CH3CH=CH2+HBrCH3CHCH3 BrNaCNCH3CHCH3CNCHCCH2CH3KMnO4CO2+CH3CH2COOHCHCCH2CH3+H2Pt CH3CH2CH2CH3CHCCH2CH3CHCCH2CH3CHCCH2CH3CHCCH2CH3Br2HC=C BrBrCH2CH3+
6、Ag(NH3)2OHAgCCCH2CH3+CuClCuCCCH2CH3+H2OHgSO4/H2SO4CH3C CH2CH3O9 ?某烃（ A）分子式为C5H10，它与溴水不发生反应，在紫外光照射下与溴作用只得到产物（B）(C5H9Br).将化合物（ B）与氢氧化钾的乙醇溶液作用得到化合物（C） （C5H8）,化合物（C）经臭氧化并在锌纷存在下水解得到戊二醛，写出（A）的结构式及各步反应式。解：2.CH3CH=CH2+HBrROORCH3CH2CH2BrH2O(KOH)CH3CH2CH2OH3.CH3CH=CH2+Cl25000CClCH2CH=CH2Cl2+H2O ClCH2CHCH2ClOH
7、4.+Cl2ClCl2KOH5.NBSBrKICH3COCH3I6.CH3CH CHCH3CH3OHPCl5 CH3CH CHCH3CH3ClNH3CH3CH CHCH3NH2CH37.(CH3)3CBr+KCNC2H5OHCH2=C(CH3)28.CH3CHCH3OHPBr5CH3CHCH3BrAgNO3/C2H5OHCH3CHCH3ONO29.C2H5MgBr+CH3CH2CH2CH2C CHCH3CH3+CH3CH2CH2CH2C CMgBr10.ClCH=CHCH2Cl+CH3COONaCH3COOHClCH=CHCH2OOCCH3+NaCl11.CHCH+2Cl2KOH(C2H5OH
8、)(1mol)Cl C=CClHClCl2CHCHCl210 某开链烃（A）的分子式为 C6H12,具有芳香性， 加氢后生成相应的饱和烃（B）,(A)与溴化氢反应生成C6H13Br,试写出（ A）,(B)的结构和各步反应式，并指出（ B）有无旋光性？解：(A):CH3CH=CHCH2BrCH3CH=CHCH2BrKMnO4CH3CHCHCH2BrOHOHCH3CH=CHCH2BrNaOH,H2OCH3CH=CHCH2OH+CH3CHCH=CH2OH(C)(D)CH3CHCH=CH2OHH2/NiCH3CHCH2CH3 OHCH3CH=CHCH2OHH2/Ni CH3CH2CH2CH2OH(E)
9、(F)CH3CHCH2CH3OHH2OCH3CH=CHCH3CH3CH2CH2CH2OHH2OCH3CH2CH=CH2CH3CH=CHCH2Br+Br2CH3CHBrCHBrCH2Br (B)CH3CCH3CH2CH3CH3CCH3CH2CH3CH3CCH3CH2CH3CH3CCH3CH2CH3BrClIX-+CH3OH CH3CCH3CH2CH3OCH3H+CH3 CH3C=CHCH3+CH2=CCH2CH3 CH311 醇1.CH3CH2C(CH3)2OHAl2O3CH3CH=C(CH3)22.(CH3)2CCH2CH2OHOHH2SO41moleH2O(CH3)2C=CHCH2OH3.C
10、H2CHCH3OHH+CH=CHCH34.CH2CHCH(CH3)2OHH+CH=CHCH(CH3)25.Al2O3 CH3CH=CCH3CH2C(CH3)C(CH3)CH2CH3CH3CCH3 =CHCH3OHOHCH3CHO+CH3CH2CH2MgBrCH3CHCH2CH2CH3OMgBrH2O.H+ CH3CHCH2CH2CH3OHCH3MgBr+OCHCH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH2CH2CH3OMgBrH2O.H+CH3CHCH2CH2CH3OHCH3CH2MgBr+CH3COCH3CH3 CH3CH2CCH3OMgBrH2O,H+CH3 CH3CH2CCH3OHCH3MgB
11、r+CH3COCH2CH3CH3 CH3CH2CCH3OMgBrH2O,H+CH3 CH3CH2CCH3OHCHCH2CH3 OMgBrMgBr+OCHCH2CH3H3O+CHCH2CH3 OHCHO+CH3CH2CH2MgBrCHCH2CH3 OMgBrH3O+CHCH2CH3 OH12 CH3CH2CH2OHPCl3CH3CH2CH2ClMg,(C2H5)2O CH3CH2CH2MgClCH3CHCH3OHOCH3COCH3CH3CH2CH2MgCl+CH3COCH3H2O,H+CH3CCH2CH2CH3OHCH3某醇 C5H12O 氧化后生成酮，脱水则生成一种不饱和烃，将此烃氧化可生成酮
12、和羧酸两种产物的混合物，推测该化合物的结构。CH3CHCHCH3OHCH3CH3CHCHCH3OHCH3OCH3CHCCH3 OCH3H2OCH3 CH3C=CHCH3OCH3COCH3+CH3COOH有一化合物（ A）的分子式为C5H11Br，和氢氧化钠水溶液共热后生成 C5H12OB),(B)具有旋光性，能与钠作用放出氢气，和硫酸共热生成C5H10(C),(C)经臭氧化和还原剂存在下水解则生成丙酮和乙醛，是推测（A）,(B),(C)的结构，并写出各步反应式。解：(A):CH3CH CH3CHCH3BrCH3CH CH3CHCH3BrNaOHaqCH3CH CH3CHCH3OHH2SO4CH
13、3CH=CCH3CH3O3Zn,H2O CH3CHO+CH3COCH3解：化合物的结构为：13 由化合物 (A)C6H13Br 所制得格利雅试剂与丙酮作用可生成2， 4二甲基 3乙 基2戊醇。 （A）可发生消除反应生成两种异构体（B）,(C),将（B）臭氧化后 再在还原剂存在下水解，则得到相同碳原子数的醛（D）酮(E),试写出各步反应 式以及（ A）-(E)的结构式。 解：各步反应式结（ A）-(B)的结构式如下：(A)+CH3CCH3OCH3CCH3OHCHCH2CH3CHCH3CH3(A):CH3CH2CHCHCH3Br CH3KOH/C2H5OHCH3CH2CH=CCH3CH3CH3CH
14、=CHCHCH3CH3(B)(C)CH3CH2CH=CCH3CH3O3Zn,H2O CH3CCH3O+CH3CH2CHOCH3I+NaOCH2CH2CH3CH3OCH2CH2CH3CH3CH2Br+CH3CHCH2CH3 ONaCH3CHCH2CH3OC2H5CH3CH2CH2Cl+NaOCCH2CH3CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH2OCCH2CH3CH3CH3CH3CCH3CH3Cl+NaOCH2CH2CH3CH2=C(CH3)2OCH3OHHI+ICH314 酚1.FeCl3CH3OH6+FeCl3FeO(CH3)6-32.Br2aqOHBrBrCH3OH Br2CH33.(CH3CO)2
15、O CH3OH(CH3CO)2O+OCOCH3CH34.CH3OHCH3O2NOH5.NaCH3ONa6.CH3COClCH3OCOCH37.Cl2ClOHCH3Cl8.H2SO4CH3OHSO3H9.(CH3)2SO4/NaOHCH3OCH3有一芳香性族化合物（ A）,分子式为C7H8O,不与钠反应，但是能与浓氢碘酸作 用，生成（ B）和（C）,两个化合物，（B）能溶于氢氧化钠水溶液，并与三氯化 铁作用呈现紫色， (C)能与硝酸银作用生成黄色碘化银，写出（A）,(B),(C)的结 构式。 解：(A)为苯甲醚，（B）为苯酚，（C）为碘代甲烷。(A):OCH3OH(B):(C):CH3IOCH3
16、 HIOH+CH3ICH3I+AgNO3CH3ONO2+AgI15 醛酮写出丙醛与下列各试剂反应所生成的主要产物：1，NaBH4在氢氧化钠水溶液中。2，C6H5MgBr 然后加 H3O+ CH3CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CHC6H5OH6，稀碱7，稀碱，然后加热8，催化加氢9，乙二醇，酸OHCH3CH2CHCHCHOCH3CH3CH2CH=CCHOCH3CH3CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CHOOCH2CH2溴在乙酸中11，硝酸银氨溶液12，NH2OH 13,苯肼BrCH3CHCHOCH3CH2COONH4CH3CH2CH=NOHCH3CH2CH=NNH化合物 （A） C5H12O 有旋光性，它在碱性高锰酸钾溶液作用下生成 （B）(C5H10O)，无旋光性。化合物(B)与正丙基溴化鎂反应，水解后得到（C）,(C)经拆分可得到互为镜像的两个异构体，是推测化合物（A）,(B),(C)的结构。(A):CH3CHCHCH3CH3OH(B)CH3COCHCH3CH3(C):CH3CH2CH2CCHCH3CH3CH3OH某化合物的分
