《城乡的森林绿化与林业开发系统：投资、所有权、经营维护与树种挑选》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《城乡的森林绿化与林业开发系统：投资、所有权、经营维护与树种挑选（12页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Defining urban forestry A comparative perspective of North America and Europe Urban forestry is generally defined as the art, science and technology of managing trees and forest resources in and around urban community ecosystems for the physiological, sociological, economic, and aesthetic benefits t
2、rees provide society. First mentioned in the United States as early as in 1894, the concept underwent a revival during the 1960s as a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to the specific challenges related to growing trees in urban environments. Later, urban forestry evoked the interest of s
3、cientists and practitioners in other parts of the world. However, harmonization of urban forestry terminology has been complicated by, for example, the involvement of different disciplines and translation difficulties. In many European languages, for example, the direct translation of urban forestry
4、 relates more to forest ecosystems than to street and park trees. Efforts in North America and Europe defining urban forest, urban forestry and related terms are introduced. A comparative analysis of selected urban forestry terminology in both parts of the world shows that urban forestry has a longe
5、r history in North America, based on traditions of shade tree management. Moreover, urban forestry has become more institutionalized in North America. Urban forestry in Europe has built strongly on a century-long tradition of town forestry. In both parts of the world, definitions of urban forestry a
6、nd urban forest have become more comprehensive, including all tree stands and individual trees in and around urban areas. Agreement also exists on the multifunctional and multidisciplinary character of urban forestry. These similarities offer opportunities for international harmonization of terminol
7、ogy.Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social integration? Results of a geographical information system (GIS) approach for urban forestry research The objective of this ongoing research is to analyse the social potential of urban green spaces to create opportunities to
8、 integrate youths, elderly people, foreigners, unemployed and other social groups into the urban life of large Swiss agglomerations. Urban green-space data are linked with social demographic data for these particular social groups. Three large cities in the different language regions of Switzerland
9、have been selected for a comparative study: Geneva (French-speaking), Lugano (Italian-speaking) and Zrich (German-speaking). The green-space data derived from vector25, the digital landscape model in a vector format of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography, and the social demographic data from the
10、1990 Swiss census are compiled for further processing with the geographical information systems and . In this way, a contribution to the development of a GIS-based research methodology is made. The goal of this approach is to obtain a highly aggregated planning tool for urban forestry and green-spac
11、e development.Rule making in community forestry institutions: The difference women make Forest use rules determine what products are extracted from community governed forests, in what quantity, by what methods, and by whom. The nature of rules and the process by which they are formulated (e.g. who p
12、articipates in formulating them) can impinge critically on institutional sustainability (given their potential impact on the commitment and incentive to protect), and on equity and conservation outcomes. This is well recognized in the substantial literature on institutions governing common pool reso
13、urces (CPRs). It is also well recognized, although in relation to other types of institutions, such as legislatures and village councils, that there can be notable differences in womens and mens policy priorities. Yet there is surprisingly little existing work on, or statistical testing of, potentia
14、l gender differences in rule making in institutions managing natural resources such as forests. This paper, based on the authors primary data for India and Nepal, seeks to fill this conceptual and empirical gap. It examines why we might expect women to favour different rules from men, and statistica
15、lly tests whether the gender composition of the executive committees (ECs)the main decision-making bodies of community forestry institutions (CFIs) in South Asiamakes a difference to the strictness of forest use rules. This is analyzed both by specifying a strictness index which aggregates rules acr
16、oss products and by examining rules for selected products, and both for all sample districts together and for each district separately. Gender is found to make a significant difference to the rules specified but not always in the expected direction. Given their substantial and daily dependence on local forests, especially for firewood and fodder, rural women may normally be expected to veer toward lenient rules of extraction. In fact, groups with more EC women and especially
