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1、英语语法学习中学习效率的提高英语语法学习中学习效率的提高吕宁吕宁非谓语动词可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多：除了不作谓语外，它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语)。一、非谓语动词有些及物动词后面接不带 to 的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下：一感(feel)，二听(hear，listen to)，三让(have，1et， make)，四看(see，watch，notice，observe)。再加上 help somebody(to)do something 和美国英语 look at somebody do something。还有“二让
2、”属特殊：get somebody to do something 与 keep somebody doing。而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the V-ing form)作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话：Papa C makes friends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成：permit，advise， practise，avoid，consider，mind，allow，keep，enjoy，suggest，finish，risk，imagine，escape，need，delay，stand(忍受)。 为了方便记忆，也可以编成顺口溜：“允许完成练习，建议避免冒险，考虑延期逃跑，喜欢保持想象，需
3、要反对忍受。”其相对应的动词依次是：permit/allow，finish，practise；advisesuggest，avoid，risk： consider，delay，escapemiss；enjoy/appreciate， keep， imagine； need/wantrequire，mind，cant helpcant stand。二、复合句1.学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。例如：A. The news that our team has won the match is true (同位语从句)B. The news that he told us surpri
4、sed everybody here (定语从句)关键的区别在于连接或关系代词 that：有意义的是定语，无意义的是同位语。因为引导定语从句的 that 在从句中作主语或宾语，而引导同位语从句的 that 只起到连接词的作用。2.接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词 that 与 which：that 之前是不定(代词)、序数(词)、(形容词)最高级：which 之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性)。例如：A. All that we have to do is to practise every dayB. The first lesson that I learned will never
5、be forgottenC.I have lost my pen，which I like very much.D. The house in front of which there is a garden is my home三、It 的用法1.It 除了代替人和物以外，还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句)则放于谓语或表语之后。例如：It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.然而，有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是：无助(no help)、无用(no use)、没好处(no good)；工作(hard work
6、)、费时(a waste of time)、危险(a danger)。例如：A. It is no use crying over spilt milk.B. It is a waste of time waiting for him2. It 还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接 it 作形式宾语： find，feel，think，take，consider，judge，make。例如：A. He made it clear that he was not interested in this subjectB.I think it no use arguing with him.3.It
7、 用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、 状语)，可以把 it 当作先行词。这种句子的结构是：It is(was)+被强调部分 that(who)+句子的其余部分。例如：A. It is Professor Lin who teaches us English. (强调主语)B. It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.(强调状语)C. It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory.(同上)但要注意与定语从句的区别。例如：D.、It was 1990 when I worked in the factor
8、y.(定语从句)在强调句式里，我们把强调结构 It is(was)that 除去，句子还很完整。如例句 C，而例句 D 就不是。四、倒装结构学生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分它们，编个顺口溜：副(adv.)介(prep)提前全倒装，其它句式部分倒；否定提前倒助动，让步状语倒表语；复合句式倒主句，不倒装的属特殊。下面举例说明：A. Here comes the bus(副词提前，全倒装)B. Here he comes.(代词作主语，不倒装)C. In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前，全倒装)D. Never shall I do th
9、is again.(否定词提前，部分倒装)E. Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句，表语倒装)F. Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.(only 修饰状语，主句倒装)G. Only he can save the patient.(only 修饰主语，不倒装)H. Not only will help be given to people, but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定词提前，部分倒装)I. Not onl
10、y he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语，不倒装)五、虚拟语气虚拟语气也是一个难点。所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。它通过句子谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。现归纳如下：纯假设，用虚拟，动词时态退一级：条件句，分主从，主句谓语前加 would (should，could，might)；表愿望，用虚拟，wish 后面接宾语(从句)：现在过去与将来，动词时态退一级；提建议，用虚拟，宾语(从句)动词用(should)do；两建议，三要求，再加坚持与命令(suggest，advise，demand，require，request，in
11、sist，order)：It is time 和would rather，后接丛句用虚拟；部分主语从句中， 谓语用虚拟结构 (It is necessary /important/natural/natural/strange/strange thatshould do)。 下面举例说明：A. If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. (条件句虚拟)B. Without air, there would be no living things.(同上)C. We wish we had arrived there two hours ea
12、rlier.(表示愿望虚拟）D. He demanded that we (should)start right away.(表示建议虚拟)E. It is(high)time that we left (should leave)now.(特殊从句虚拟）F. I would rather you gave me the book.(同上)G. It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday.(主语从句虚拟)H. He speaks English so fluently as if he were English. (特殊从句虚拟)
