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1、时态1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.Ive been writing letters for an hour.Ive been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由 had been + ing 分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作Id been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came
2、.3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another months time shell have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由 shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.Theyll have hit the years target by the end of
3、October.语态可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand 等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to
4、have been sunk.担当 be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the pr
5、ess conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.宾补结构的被动语态:She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.短语动词Vi + advThe plane took off two hours late.Vi + pr
6、epThey looked round the Cathedral.Vi + prep (有被动语态)在以 as, than, when, if, unless 等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词 be,主语又和主句的主语一致 a),或者主语是 it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词 be)省略掉.Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there h
7、e joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were t
8、ightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no a
9、crobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.If necessary Ill have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on Januar
10、y 20 at the Chinese Embassy.在以 than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen
11、 as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.一致如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有 with, together with, as well as, as much as, no l
12、ess than, more than 等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.代词作主语时的一致each, either, neither 和由 some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词,都作
13、单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?some, few, both, many 等作复数some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.none 作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但 none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:None of the books ar
14、e easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和 most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the, most of the ), 动词用单数.由 and 或 bothand 连接名词词组时, 后用复数; 由 not onlybut (also), eith
15、eror, neithernor 或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由 there 或 here 引导
16、, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致。There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定.His family isnt very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at
