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1、Chapter 1 SC Basics .1 Chapter 2 GRAMMAR, MEANING, CONCISION.1 Chapter 3 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT .2 Chapter 4 PARALLELISM .4 Chapter 5 PRONOUNS.6 Chapter 6 MODIFIERS.7 Chapter 7 Verb tense , mood, 副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词。 这两个结构的意思是不一样的，要通过作者的意思来选择。如：Wrong： James Joyce is Maxs SUPPOSEDLY Irish
2、 ancestor.Right： James Joyce is Maxs SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.在这个句子里James Joyce不一定是Max的ancestor，但James Joyce一定是爱尔兰人。 所以选择用supposed去修饰名词ancestor。 Wrong： Maxs grandmother is his SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.Right : Maxs grandmother is his SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.在这句里，问题变成了Maxs grandmother是不是爱尔兰人，而不是grandm
3、other是不 是Max的ancestor。所以这里应该选择supposedly修饰Irish。 3、名词修饰语目的在于告诉你更多关于被修饰名词的信息，或者说明句子具体讨论的是哪 一个名词。作用就像是一个长的形容词，前一两个单词决定它的词性。 修饰语与被修饰名词：Type/first word位置Example形容词 名词前 名词后The LAZY cat took a nap. The cat, LAZY form overeating, took a nap. 介词名词前 名词后On the couch, the cat took a nap. The cat ON the couch t
4、ook a nap. 过去分词名词前 名词后The TIRED cat took a nap. The cat, TIRED from chasing mice, took a nap. 现在分词名词前 名词后The sleeping cat took a nap. The cat sleeping on the rug is named “sue”. 关系代词名词后The grey cat, WHICH loves tuna, took a nap. The cat THAT lives next door is noisy. A person WHO lives next door is
5、noisy. The city WHERE I live is noisy. 其它名词名词前 名词后A LOVER of mice, my cat hunts night and day, The cat, a TABBY raised on a farm, took a nap. 4、一个修饰其它名词的名词，叫做同位语。如表里的最后一个例子。Prep08中的解释： 同位语：同位语由unrestricted adjectival phrase而来，同位语的修饰对象：名词或 名词短语或代词 同位结构的特征同位结构的特征 a)起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语；同位语解释的是整个名词，不是
6、 名短中某个词，故同位语不是核心词修饰。 b)必须对其修饰对象具有解释力； c)位置：名词前或名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面； d)不影响主谓一致（谓语应该和主语保持一致，而不是和同位语） ； e)同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。 同位结构的形式同位结构的形式 1)名词性同位语：名词解释名词。 （以下三种，第二个n.后可以跟修饰词）i.N., n.; ii.n., a/an + n.或a/an + n., n.; iii.the + n., n.（前面的the + n 为同位结构） 2)内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）
7、+that 从句， that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释（注意与of 结构的区别），that从句部分才是同 位语。(that是小品词，连词，和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样) 3)概括性同位语：用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：短语/句子，n. + that / doing / done. 5、前置修饰是GMAT 中最常见的名词性修饰，如:Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap.由于平常在口语中很少使用前置修饰，gmat考试中喜欢在前置修饰中使用tricks。如用 现在分词造成dangling modifier。 6、靠近原则：T
8、ouch Rule: 名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰（但动词修饰不用互 相靠近） ；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则会产生误解。如: Wrong： Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. Right： To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 7、如果名词修饰所修饰的词不在句子里，即缺乏修饰对象，会造成Dangling Modifier。 如
9、：Wrong： Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.Wrong: There was no commotion in the office, resigned to the bad news.Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion.Prep08 的解释：DANGLING MODIFIER: When we begin a sentence with a modifying word, phrase, or
10、clause, we must make sure the next thing that comes along can, in fact, be modified by that modifier. When a modifier improperly modifies something, it is called a “dangling modifier.“ This often happens with beginning participial phrases, making “dangling participles“ an all too common phenomenon.
11、In the sentence below, we cant have a car changing its own oil. Confusion: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, the car seemed to run better. Repair Work: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, Fred found he could get much better gas mileage. *: An infinitive phrase can also “dangle.“ The infinitive phr
12、ase below should probably modify the person(s) who set up the exercise program.Confusion: To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, an exercise program was set up for the summer months. Repair Work: To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, the coaching staff set up
13、 an exercise program for the summer months. 8、避免一系列的修饰语修饰同一个名词。将2个很长的修饰语同时放在名词前或名词后， 容易造成笨拙和错误。如：Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.Right: Both shocking and e
14、ntertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians, even as he struggled publicly with drug abuse. 9、注意所有格。所有格形式经常会出现修饰错误。如：Wrong： Unskilled in complex math, Bills score on the exam was poor.这个句子中，不应该是Bills score unskilled。而应该是Bill.Wrong: Only in the past century has origamis development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place. 在这个句子中，development会被误认为是a ceremonial ac
