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1、感谢感谢”珞珈人（武大考博）珞珈人（武大考博） 197431621”群网友热心提供题群网友热心提供题源源一、阅读理解一、阅读理解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea o
2、f a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.“ That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an e
3、qual injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist He
4、gel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer not
5、hing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the co
6、ncept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of societ
7、y. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that crimin
8、als will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given
9、every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. The best title for this selection is （ B ） A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime B. Approaches to Just Punishment C. Improvement
10、 in Legal Justice D. Attaining Justice in the Courts 2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective jus tice is the （ C ） . A. type of crime that was proven B. severity for the punishment C. reason for the sentence D. outcome of the trial 3. The punishment
11、 that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice woul d be（ D ）. A. forced brain surgery B. whipping C. solitary confinement D. the electric chair 4. The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in orde r to （ D ）. A. prove，that equality dem
12、ands just punishment B. justify the need for punishment as a part of law C. give moral backing to retributive justice D. prove that man has long been interested in justice “In every known human society the males needs for achievement can be recognized. In a great number of human societies mens suren
13、ess of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.“This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret M
14、ead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far fr om complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicate
15、d system of defences which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of womens pretensions to the level of inte
16、llect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of mens status. In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, th
