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1、题型一 完形填空山东省 5 年高考完形填空考情统计与命题分析为强化学生的阅读和篇章分析能力，从 2014 年开始山东高考新增加一篇 10 个小题的完形填空。该类完形填空在做题方法上与 20 个小题的完形填空没有本质区别，下面主要以20 个小题的完形填空为例进行分析。研究近 5 年的山东高考完形填空试题，可以发现如下共同特点。(一)选材角度体裁上，以叙为主，叙议结合。选材多为具有一定故事情节的记叙文，一般按照时间线索行文，逻辑清晰，层次分明。题材上，选用贴近考生实际生活的语言材料。文章均富有思想性和教育性，常常通过生活琐事来预示人生哲理与人性，可读性较强。(二)挖空角度首先，文章首句通常不设空，
2、目的是让考生熟悉语言环境，迅速进入主题，对文章有宏观和整体性的把握。其次，挖去的词汇以实词为主，虚词为辅。最后，具体挖空的时候遵循“重复原则” ，即挖去的词通常都在保留的上下文中给出解题的线索。(三)选项角度同一空格所对应的四个选项一般是同一词性，或在句子中充当同样的语法成分，这是拟选项时所应遵循的最基本的原则。在完形填空题中，具体的语法规则不再是考查重点，而主要考查考生对上下文的理解，要求考生通过具体的语言环境来做出选择。所以，所拟出的四个选项往往在语法方面都能成立，错误选项多半可以和空前、空后的文字形成某种考生非常熟悉的固定搭配，具有很强的干扰和迷惑作用。(四)考查角度完形填空主要考查 5
3、 个角度：上下文语义理解、语法结构及逻辑关系、习惯搭配及固定结构、词义辨析和生活常识及文化背景。一、完形填空 3 大着眼点完形填空注重在语境中考查词义。几乎所有的备选项都要通过联系上文或下文而确定。因此答案有的由空格所在的句子决定，有的由相邻不远的一组句子决定，还有的由整个语篇内容综合决定。因此，依据完形填空设题的考点层次，可将完形填空题分为句内层次题、句组层次题和语篇层次题。明确了完形填空解题的着眼点，就锁定了思考范围，有利于考生快速准确答题。(一)句内层次题句内层次类题目是指通过阅读空格所处的那一句话即可找出答案的题目。命题角度通常有上下文语义理解、词义辨析、生活常识和文化背景、习惯搭配及
4、固定结构、语法结构及逻辑关系等五种。典例 1 (2013安徽高考)If you want to learn a new language, the very first thing to think about is why.Do you need it for a _36_ reason, such as your job or your studies?36A.technical BpoliticalCpractical Dphysical分析：选 C 本题为句内层次题。由接下来的“such as your job or your studies”可知，此处是问你学一门外语是因为某种现实的
5、需要(诸如求职或求学)吗？practical“现实的” ，符合语境。典例 2 (2013浙江高考)The most valuable lesson I gained from studying in France wasnt just to respect the French people _39_ to respect all people, for your next best friend could be just a continent away.39A.and BbutCor Dso分析：选 B 本题为句内层次题。由语境“不只是尊重法国人，而是要尊重所有人”可知，前后表示转折关系
6、，要用转折连词 but 连接。(二)句组层次题句组层次类题目是指通过阅读空格所处的那一句话不能找出正确答案，需要结合题目所在句子以外的句子(句组)才可找出答案的题目。命题角度通常有上下文语义理解、词义辨析和逻辑关系等三种。典例 1 (2013湖北高考)Zigfried, a little mouse, blew his breath on the frosty window of the farmhouse and rubbed it to see the outside.Still nobody came.Maybe today, he thought _31_.It was only a
7、few days before Christmas and he was watching for a miracle (奇迹)31A.carefully BexcitedlyChopefully Dproudly分析：选 C 本题为句组层次题。从语境的叙述看，这只小老鼠在窗户上哈气，然后把窗户擦亮，它满怀希望地想，或许今天会有人来。这里用 hopefully 指它的一种心情。其中关键词 maybe(或许，有可能)说明对奇迹是否在今天出现不能十分肯定，只是“有希望” 。B 项excitedly(激动地，兴奋地)在这里描述小老鼠的心情是不合适的。典例 2 (2013安徽高考)We all lea
8、d _43_busy_ lives and learning a language takes _44_.You will have more success if you study regularly, so try to develop a _45_routine_.It doesnt matter if you havent got long.Becoming fluent in a language will take years, but learning to get by takes _46_a_lot_less_.44A.courage BtimeCenergy Dplace
9、分析：选 B 本题为句组层次题。根据下文的“regularly; long; take years”等词语可知，学习语言需要时间。(三)语篇层次题语篇层次类题目是指无法在句内或句组确定答案，需要结合整个语篇才能找到正确答案的题目。这类题目主要考查考生的篇章分析能力。命题角度通常有上下文语义理解和逻辑关系两种。典例 1 (2013湖南高考)When I was 8 years old, I once decided to run away from home.With my suitcase _36_packed_ and some sandwiches in a bag, I started
10、for the front door and said to Mom, “Im leaving.”“If you want to _37_， thats all right， ” she said. “But you came into this home without anything and you can leave the same way.”The door inched open and Moms smiling face appeared.“Did you change your _47_decision_ about running away？” she asked.37A.
11、drop out Bgo byCmove around Drun away分析：选 D 本题为语篇层次题。根据第一段中的“I once decided to run away from home”可知，作者是要离家出走。47 空后的“running away”也是线索提示。典例 2 (2010安徽高考)First of all, a pen should fit comfortably in your hand and be _40_easy_ to use.Then, the writing point of the pen should _46_allow_ the ink to flow
12、 evenly (均匀的) while that pen remains in touch with the paper._52_， the pen should make a thick, dark line .52A.Meanwhile BGenerallyCAfterwards DFinally分析：选 D 本题为语篇层次题。由原文第二段段首的 First of all 和第三段段首的 Then以及最后一段的内容可知此处应用 finally，表示此段介绍了钢笔的最后一个特点。二、完形填空 6 大解题技巧(一)利用文章首句解题完形填空首句一般不设空，而首句往往是了解全文的窗口，依据首句所给
13、的信息常常可以看出文章的体裁和背景，从而有利于快速把握文章的主旨大意。文章第一句往往是完形填空做题的切入点，开始几个空往往与首句有密切关系。典例 (2013山东高考)I used to be a very selfcentered person, but in the past two years I have really changed. I have started to think about other people _36_ I think about myself. I am happy that I am becoming a _37_ person.36A.since Bbe
14、foreCor Dunless37A.famous BsimpleCdifferent Dskilled分析：36、37 题可利用文章首句解题。通过首句并结合全文可知，本文为记叙文，主要讲述了“我”个人思想的转变。通过首句“我以前是个以自我为中心的人，但是在过去两年里我真正变了”可以推知前两空所在句的含义分别为“我开始在为自己考虑之前，先考虑他人” ， “我很高兴我变成一个不同的人” 。由此可知 36 题答案为 B,37 题答案为 C。(二)利用上下文语境解题上下文是形成语境的基础，做题时要学会瞻前顾后，要做到词不离句、句不离段、段不离文。因为，有时如果单独看空格，看似几个选项填入空格都没有错
15、，句子也通顺，但结合全文内容来理解，就只有一个最佳答案。典例 (2013山东高考)At first, I just wanted to get my _39_degree_ and be left alone. I thought I was smarter than everyone else, so I hardly ever _40_talked_ to anyone in my classes. By the end of my first semester, I was really _41_lonely_. It seemed as if everyone but me had m
16、ade friends and was having fun. So I tried a(n) _42_experiment_. I started asking people around me how they were doing, and if they were having trouble I _43_offered_ to help. That was really a big _44_ for me. By the end of the year, I had several new friends, and two of _45_them_ are still my best friends today.44A.dream BproblemCduty Dstep分析：选
