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1、 AP Environmental Science 2013 Free-Response Questions About the College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the
2、membership association is made up of more than 6,000 of the worlds leading educational institutions and is dedicated to promoting excellence and equity in education. Each year, the College Board helps more than seven million students prepare for a successful transition to college through programs an
3、d services in college readiness and college success including the SAT and the Advanced Placement Program. The organization also serves the education community through research and advocacy on behalf of students, educators, and schools. 2013 The College Board. College Board, Advanced Placement Progra
4、m, AP, AP Central, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. Admitted Class Evaluation Service and inspiring minds are trademarks owned by the College Board. All other products and services may be trademarks of their respective owners. Visit the College Board on the Web
5、: www.collegeboard.org. Permission to use copyrighted College Board materials may be requested online at: www.collegeboard.org/inquiry/cbpermit.html. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org. AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. 2013
6、AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS 2013 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -2- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SECTION II Time90 minutes 4 Questions Directions: Answer all four questions, which are weighted equally; the suggested
7、time is about 22 minutes for answering each question. Write all your answers on the pages following the questions in this book. Where calculations are required, clearly show how you arrived at your answer. Where explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant information an
8、d/or specific examples. 1. (a) Identify TWO human activities that alter the natural flow of sediments into Gulf Coast ecosystems. Explain how each of the activities alters the flow of sediments. (b) Dr. James says that it is important to restore sediments. Describe TWO ways that the loss of natural
9、sediment harms Gulf Coast wetland ecosystems. (c) Dr. James also indicates that it is necessary to limit fertilizer runoff into the Mississippi River. i. Describe TWO environmental impacts on the marine ecosystem that are caused by fertilizer when it flows into the Gulf of Mexico. ii. What are TWO e
10、conomic consequences that result from the flow of fertilizer into the Gulf of Mexico? iii. Describe ONE strategy, other than reducing the use of fertilizer, that can be employed to reduce the flow of nutrients into the Mississippi River. 2013 AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS 2013 The
11、 College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -3- 2. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have been introduced to consumers as an alternative way to reduce the environmental effects caused by use of internal-combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. A comparis
12、on of both vehicle types can help determine whether the use of BEVs would be beneficial in the future. Where calculations are required, show your work. (a) Identify THREE strategies that the federal government could implement to encourage the use of BEVs. (b) Assume that the fuel efficiency of the I
13、CE vehicle is 25 miles per gallon (mpg) and that gasoline costs $3.75 per gallon (gal). Calculate the cost of gasoline per mile. (c) The charger supplies energy to the BEV battery at an average rate of 4.0 kilowatts (kW) and fully charges the BEV battery in 7.0 hours. The car will run for 100 miles
14、on a full charge. The cost of electricity is $0.11 per kilowatt-hour (kWh). i. Calculate the cost of the electricity to fully charge the battery. Assume that the battery is not charged to begin with. ii. Calculate the cost of electricity per mile to drive the BEV. When it is driven 100 miles, the IC
15、E vehicle contributes 72.8 pounds (lb) of2COfrom the burning of the gasoline. The drilling, refining, and transportation costs of getting the gasoline to the gas station add an additional 17.7 lb of CO2 per 100 miles. The BEV does not emit any2COitself, but the extraction, transportation, and combus
16、tion of the coal that produced the electricity at the power plant add 63.6 lb of2COfor the same 100 miles. (d) Calculate the difference in the amount of2COthat would enter the atmosphere if both cars were driven 100 miles. (e) Describe TWO economic impacts (excluding costs related to climate change resulting from 2CO emissions or the cost of gasoline at the pump) that result from an increased number of BEVs on the road.
